Quality Management at Coca Cola, Vodafone and Cadbury

Quality Management at Coca Cola, Vodafone and Cadbury The total quality management is customer oriented, with all the members of the organisation striving to systemically improve the organisation through the partial participation of the employees in problem solving efforts across the functional and hierarchical boundaries. The total quality management includes the concepts of quality products, process control, quality assurance and quality improvement on an fragmentary basis. All the transformational process in an organisation to improve the customers satisfaction in the most economical manner for all these the control is taken by the quality management. This process works in each unit of the work system with the internally self control. The problem solving action is given to the lower level in the organisation, allowing the responsible people to take the quality control and corrective measure where necessary in order to deliver a product or service that meet the needs of the customers. Total Quality Management has a management philosophy, a paradigm, a continuous improvement approach to doing business with a new management model. The philosophy of quality management has evolved a philosophy of continuous improvement focusing on the quality and the most important dimension of the activity. Meanwhile, dominant highlight the quality of the product or service. The total quality management goes beyond statistical process control activities to embrace a broader management on how we manage people and organizations by focusing on the whole process and not mere measures. Keeping the customers in mind at all time is when the company makes the quality products and services, which is always the highest priority of the organisations. From quality guarantee hard work of each employee for the quality of society as a whole. The company which wants to be success in the market and among its customers devotes itself to make quality products and service for its customers. TQM (Total quality management) is a way to manage the future of the organization and have much wider application only to ensure the product or service quality It is the way of managing the people and business processes to ensure customer satisfaction at every stage of the organisational activity, internally and externally. It is a combined effort of the effective leadership, results organisations doing the right things and right first time. The core of quality management is the customer- supplier relation edge, both externally and internally and in each edge lays a number of processes. This is the main activity that surrounds the organizations promise to quality and quality of the message and recognisation needs to change the entire organization to create quality. These are the basis for quality management and support of the leadership roles of people, processes and systems. For the quality management, the chosen companies are from different industries and they have different systems and requirement for their quality management for their product and services which are to be introduced to the market. The companies are Coca Cola, Vodafone, Cadbury. These three companies provides its products to the customers with products and services quality checked before introducing in the market so that the customers are satisfied and the company makes the effective and efficient use of the material and making profit at the end. 2. Quality Management at Coca cola The coca cola company ensures the best quality of its beverages by implementing globally accepted authenticated manufacturing process and quality management system. The company measure the products and its package quality attributes to ensure that the beverages products in the marketplace meet the requirements of the company and expectations of customers. Consistency and reliability are the two key factors to the quality of the product. These factors are critical in meeting the global regulatory requirements and the company standards. The global nature of the business requires high standards and processes for ensuring consistent products and quality from the concentrate production to the bottling and product delivery by them. For ensuring the consistency and reliability, the companys quality system is directed by The Coca-Cola Management System (TCCMS). TCCMS is their integrated quality management program which holds all the operations of the company system wide to the same standards for the production nad distribution of the beverages. It assures the highest standards in the management of the product quality, the environment and the health and safety throughout the Coca cola system. TCCMS is supported by the heads throughout the company as it guides the product safety and quality by bringing together the ultimate objective of the business and quality simultaneously with consistent metrics of monitoring the performance of the product, integrating the preventive actions as a management tool. It demands rigorous efforts while planning for introducing a new product or service including the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) into the companys system standard. This management system includes defining the problem solving methodologies and tools to make continuous product safety and quality improvements. The relevance of the product safety and quality guidelines are evaluated again and again so as to stay updated with the new regulations, best practices in the industry and the market conditions to help them sustain in the market with their competitors. The food quality and safety awareness are provided to the manufacturing as well as the entire supply chain. The company maintains a safety and quality system for the TCCMS requirement by establishing, implementing and documenting each business within the coca cola system. The process and quality assurance program conducted at each of the manufacturing facilities are with world class standards. The following are the programs. 2.1 Proof and testing source of water for plant site selection The manufacturing plant site is finalised only after the source water is tested for the requirement. The testing of the source water are conducted by the third party accredited laboratories, the analysis are conducted are based on the requirement of the globally standards. After the selection, the source water is checked and tested on a regular basis to ensure that the international standards are met. The water for the plant are taken through the sealed pipelines and stored in. tanks placed in secure areas of the water treatment plant. 2.2 Purity of Sugar The sugar selection process as severe as our water selection process. The sugar is brought from the high grade authorised mills, which is then cleaned with global acclaimed carbon treatment process. The sugar is then converted to purified sugar syrup which is that mixes with the soft drink beverage concentrate. 2.3 Carbon Dioxide Meeting International Purity Standards Carbon-dioxide is manufactured from authorised suppliers which meets the international purity standards. The gas is then taken through a severe quality control confirmation prior to using it in the beverages etc. 2.4 Automated Bottling Process The bottles returned from the market are recycled through automated process; these bottles are sterilized at a very high temperatures with formulated cleaning agents. The bottles are then transported to the filler for filing with the automated filling machine, the bottles are then capped, date coded and packed into crates. (Quality commitment, http://www.cocacola.in/quality/quality_commitment_policy.aspx) The company has a well clear and structured manufacturing procedure quality control and guarantee program. All manufacturing services of the company are skilled, experienced and professional training to manufacture and test the product. The company has a strong internal audit system to monitor the compliance to international and local standards. The manufacturing facilities are audited by the external audit agencies for the quality management standards. The company make sure that the beverages are tested by acknowledged quality assurance mechanism before it is brought to the market. Company meets the international standards ISO 9001:2000, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 SGS and Lloyds of London, an internationally recognized registrar, to assess the quality system against Coca-Cola ISO 9001:2000 (quality) and ISO 14001 (Environment) . Department supports the activities of the company for each of the packages to enable them to offer world class products. The system applies to the bottling company, and activities are also supported by the same technical and quality systems and standards. 2.5 Quality Assurance and control The coca cola company has one global standard Coca cola operation in different areas follows the same international quality standards across all the bottling operations. Every ingredient used in the manufacturing process of the beverages meet all the local regulatory, company and international standards. They undergo through extensive testing and inspection before it is introduced. These ingredients are regularly tested by the external accredited laboratories so that they are updated and they meet the standards of the company 3. Quality Management at Vodafone Vodafone has adopted specific framework of analytically assessing the excellence of the services which are given to the customers. These frameworks are assessed from the concept and planning phase to their delivery of the product to the ultimate customers in the market. These frameworks include the following: 3.1 Service Evaluation Service Evaluation is done to ensure that the new product and services are designed, developed and implemented based on the quality requirements, keeping the company policies in mind and processes aiming to meet customers need. The quality standards of the new products and services are checked through specific number of trials with certain level standards, with prior and post launch of the product against the initial technical and quality specifications. 3.2 Quality of Service monitoring The most important method before going to set the target and network development on the use of mobile telecommunication network is to understand the customer perception on these matters. The pioneer indicators demonstrate the quality of service is the Call Success Rate- CSR- the percentage of successfully set up, maintained and released calls, as perceived by the customers, the Poor Voice Quality- accessing the quality of communication and the Weak signal Percentage- evaluating the weak signal level. Quality of Service is monitored is performed on their GSM, GPRS and UMTS Services. 3.3 Suppliers and Partners Performance Evaluation Vodafone access the quality of the product and service and identify the areas of improvement and implement appropriate action in order to maintain a mutual trust and cooperation with its partners and to achieve mutual beneficial synergies. 3.4 Participation in Vodafone group network and Service quality team Vodafone aims to ensure the quality of the product and services especially on the new technologies which creates the new demand for the company in the market. Special care is been taken about the participants in the Vodafone group network and service quality team. The purpose is to- To introduce the quality of service indicators for the product and services that are implemented within the frameworks of the corporate projects. To ensure the use of quality checked plans and measure its implementation To identify the required changes in the company, in order to update with the new technologies Vodafone is the first and the only telecommunication company in Greece and the few internationally certified for the development and implementation. The management systems within the framework of an integrated management. According to ISO 9001:2008 standards the Quality Management for the systematic and continuous improvement, development of its activities, and the customer satisfaction. Certificate of Approval (No: 362 212) Quality Management System according Vodafone retailer to ISO 9001:2008 for the companys commitment to offer products and services to customers through its passion for retail chain and in particular, a chain formed by the property and franchise stores. Certificate of Approval (No: 362 212) Environmental Management System under ISO 14001, which aims at the systematic management of the companys activities that affect the environment. Certificate of Approval (No.: 362 212 / D) Health and Safety Management System according to OHSAS 18001 / ELOT 1801, aims to provide a safe working environment and safe for all employees. Certificate of approval (362212) According to ISO 27001 the Information Security Management System , which concerns the security of information security in the enterprise, customers, shareholders and partners. Certificate of Approval (No.: 362 212 / F) According to BS 25999-2:2007, Business Continuity Management System is to ensure continuity of critical business operations and ensuring continuity of essential services to customers in case of unexpected incidents. Certificate of Approval (No.: 362 212 / H LRQA) (Integrated Management System, http://www.vodafone.gr/portal/client/cms/viewCmsPage.action?pageId=1620) 4. Quality Management Assurance at Cadbury Market high quality, excellent value products that consistently meet business requirements and comply with local standards, but continuously improve and exceed the expectations of consumers. It ensures that customers and consumers first become actively listening and understanding their expectations for quality and value points of purchase and consumption. Ensure that the representation of corporate image, including products and brands, meet the recognized standards, strengthen the commitment to quality and to safeguard the reputation of Cadbury. Preserve the right best time before culture, which continues to absorb the food quality and safety, where everyone understands their responsibilities and accountability. Use a quality system is monitored continuously improves processes to provide these policies and standards. Set clear management responsibilities and strengthening the achievement of measurable goals and objectives of quality and food safety. supply chain and business partners work to ensure compliance with quality policies and systems, ensuring quality throughout our supply chain. Place of continuous improvement is critical to performance, which allows us to offer better products and services to consumers and customers. Create a passion for quality, which are the successes and achievements are recognized and celebrated. Re-examine and bring up to date this policy to ensure that it continues to reflect the values and outlook of customers. (Quality and Food Safety Assurance, http://www.cadburyindia.com/cadtoday/qualityfoodsafety.asp) 5. Compare and Contrast Coca cola company has introduced a system named The Coca Cola Management System (TCCMS). This system is introduced in all the stages of the organisational level and also to the bottling agents so that the global standards of the company can be maintained with the bottlers. The company takes care of each of the process the product goes through, from the source water to the bottles used for the packaging for the beverages. Vodafone has adopted a specific framework for the assessing systematically and logically the quality of the services which are provided to the customers. These frameworks are assessed from the concept and planning phase to their delivery of the product to the ultimate customers in the market. These frameworks are set with the service evaluation of the product and technologies up gradation in the industry. Cadbury adopted the quality assurance for the products which are introduced to the customers. Maintain a right first time culture that constantly ensures the quality and food safety, every employee understand the responsibility given to them and they are made accountable for their activity. Quality management system is audited periodically to improve the process to deliver their policy and standards. All the three companies are giving great importance to the total quality management of its products and services. These quality management are considered as the responsibility of the company to its ultimate customers in the market. Different systems and frameworks are followed for the quality management. Whereas some companies have create a program for the quality management and some have just included it in its process. The quality management for each organisation differ based on their activities in the market. The system introduced in coca cola is implemented for all the regions and the bottlers as that they can have a global standard. The service evaluation at Vodafone is done for ensuring that the product and service match with the company policies and market demand. The Cadbury assurance is done with the aim of quality and food safety for the customers. 6. Impact on Innovation, Changes and Competitiveness Coca cola Companys system on quality helps them as a support to introduce new products in the market. The major competition faced by coca cola is from PepsiCo, TCCMS makes the difference between the two companies product and service. This helps the company to follow the market trends among the customers so that they can be up graded with the market trends. Vodafone has the systematic and logical framework for analysing the quality management. With the better quality product introduced in the market the RD of the company will be able to make new innovation to the product and which will be helpful for the company to compete with others in the market. Cadbury follows a quality system which helps them to provide the quality product to the customers. The company has a deal to innovate new product to the market and can be bringing out the efforts to face the competition in the market. 7. Recommendations The companies need to take care of the activities when given to the agents; they should have a proper light of the quality aspect of the product. The periodical checking and testing of the quality system should be made so that the systems can be up graded. The RD of the companies should be given the resources for the research. They should be made available with the equipment required. While innovation of the products are done, they should be marketed in such a way that they are they attracted to the customers. 8. Critical Reflection It was always known that Quality management is important in an organisation but the importance of quality management and its implementation in each and every process of the each activity is understood after making the research for the assignment. While studying the quality philosophy, approaches, systems and its management of each company selected, only then it was noticed that the companies RD division and top management takes a lot of efforts in making the product a success in the market. The product or service from the start of its planning it takes the lot of contribution for the quality in the company. Before making the systems for the quality management, the company need to make the market research for the product and service quality. They have to make note of the each and every process in the manufacturing and distribution of the product to the market. The employees have to quality check the product in every single step to ensure the quality. The resources required for the product to be made are to be checked and tested from its initial stages. Quality management is an important aspect in an organisation which the employees have to follow while manufacturing the product and services. The employee which are given responsible for the activities in the organisation, are made responsible for the corrective measures, this way it is easy for the employees to understand the mistakes made in the first process. It helps them to understand the actions required to follow while doing the activities. In every organisation, quality system should be given equal importance because the products are ultimately made for the customers in the market and they are the one to who would the critical viewer of the products in the market. The quality system should be checked and updated continuously so that the organisation should be left behind in the market. The quality in the product should be ensured before it goes to the market to the customer. Being a manager, I will be making the quality check conducted at every step to ensure that the products are safety and fine to be used in the market. This may increase the time in each process but can ensure a good product to the customers. Being a customer of several products, I will definitely prefer the products which are good in quality and will ensure the quality before use. Therefore any customer will think the same way. The quality of the product contributes to the organisation success with effective and efficient use of the resources in the organisation for the products. The organisation are never ready to compromise on the quality of the product since the quality creates an image of the product and ultimately the image of the organisation in the market.

1984-George Orwell How Does the Writer Use Language to Create a Sense of Place?

1984-George Orwell How does the writer use language to create a sense of place? Orwell uses a solemn tone for the foundations of anguish in the extract from Nineteen Eighty-Four. This tone is used to firstly set the scene with the use of adjectives: ‘vile’ and gritty’ to describe the poor weather. These have negative connotations and therefore allow the reader to understand the melancholy and depressing scene that is being set. The effect of the pathetic fallacy when the wind is described as ‘vile’ portrays a comfortlessness of the world around Winston but also reflects his underlying feelings of disgust with it.The irony of the name of his apartment block ‘Victory Mansions’ reiterates these feelings as ‘Victory’ implies happiness and joy when all he experiences is harshness, and ‘Luxury’ implies ease and wealth when he leads a life of dilapidation and squalor. As the description continues into the hallway of his apartment block, the sense of place is addressed by the poster on the wall. It is explained as being ‘too large for indoor display’ and depicting ‘simply an enormous face’.The size of the poster, emphasised by the adjectives: ‘large’ and ‘enormous’ illustrate the true reason for the poster; primarily for control. This shows the sense of state power and oppression of the individual in Winston’s world. This sense of control is emphasised again later in extract when we discover the caption under the poster reads: ‘BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU’. The direct object pronoun ‘you’ personalises the poster to the immediate viewer and therefore along with the presentation of the words being in capitals makes it more effective.Overall the poster therefore shows the hostility of the place where Winston is and their lack of freedom. Orwell gives a realistic portrayal of Winston as he ascends up the stairs to his flat. The ‘varicose ulcer above his right ankle’ could be seen as a manifestation for his repression, and suffering through a life of adversity and turmoil. This is emphasised by the fact that he had to rest ‘several times’, which is very unusual for a man as young as ‘thirty nine’ . This portrays an image of an overworked miserable and lonely man inhabiting a tortured existence. William May

An Examination of Pricing Strategy the Lego Group, Ltd

|Running Header: Pricing Strategy | |An Examination of Pricing Strategy | |The LEGOTM Group, Ltd | | | |Jay R. Johnson | |4/1/2012†¦show more content†¦An Oligopoly is similar to a monopoly in that there is restricted competition due to barriers to entry, but unlike monopoly there is competition. In Oligopolies there are just a few, very large firms, competing with similar or identical products.[3] Examples of oligopolies are oil companies and automobile manufactures. Unlike monopolies these firms have to take into account what the other firms will do and either adjust their prices in order to gain advantage over one another or collude with one another in order to become a monopoly (Oligopoly market Structure, 2007-2012). The latter being what most individuals fear when they think of monopoly; not allowing the market demand to set the price of goods coming to market, but instead limiting the supply in order to drive up the price of a product. The United States anti-trust laws are designed to limit firms’ ability to do this, but due to the amount of time it takes to prove such actions th eir effectiveness is limited. In the case of oligopolies the barriers to entry are what prevent firms from competing, and firms instead produce as much capacity as their infrastructure allows and set the price to clear the market. The more firms that compete, the more likely the aggregate welfare of the economy is to be satisfied, and the less likely that one firm can affect the whole industry. Perfect Competition is our third major category of market structure, and in its purely economic theory sense is the leastShow MoreRelatedCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesInstructor’s Manual Exploring Strategy Ninth edition Gerry Johnson Richard Whittington Kevan Scholes Steve Pyle For further instructor material please visit: www.pearsoned.co.uk/mystrategylab ISBN: 978-0-273-73557-1 (printed) ISBN: 978-0-273-73552-6 (web) ï £ © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Lecturers adopting the main text are permitted to download and photocopy the manual as required. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated CompaniesRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagessome other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science Read MoreThe Role of Human Resource Information Systems (Hris) in Strategic Human Resource Management (Shrm)19886 Words   |  80 PagesIt also tries to find out if there is any significant difference in the usage of HRIS between Small/Medium (SME) size and Large size companies. A survey questionnaire was sent to 170 companies and a response rate of 15.9% was received. The target group of the questionnaire was HR managers, HR directors, and HR professionals in companies based in Finland. The scope was widened to include both large and small/medium sized organizations across all the business sectors. The results of the survey revealRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagesroughs, deep sand traps, sharp doglegs, and vast water barriers. It is difficult to score well in such conditions. Substantial pressures and barriers, both internal and external, can inhibit the brand builder. To be able to develop effective brand strategies, it is useful to understand these pressures and barriers Different factors that make it difficult to build brands are shown in the figure above. The first, pressure to compete on price, directly affects the motivation to build brands. The secondRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pages(Continued from front flap) is the Horace Beesley Professor of Strategy at the Marriott School, Brigham Young University. He is widely published in strategy and business journals and was the fourth most cited management scholar from 1996–2006. is a professor of leadership at INSEAD. He consults to organizations around the world on innovation, globalization, and transformation and has published extensively in leading academic and business journals. is the Robert and Jane CizikRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesSTUDY II-4 Mining Data to Increase State Tax Revenues in California CASE STUDY II-5 The Cliptomaniaâ„ ¢ Web Store: An E-Tailing Start-up Survival Story CASE STUDY II-6 Rock Island Chocolate Company, Inc.: Building a Social Networking Strategy CASE STUDY III-1 Managing a Systems Development Project at Consumer and Industrial Products, Inc. CASE STUDY III-2 A Make-or-Buy Decision at Baxter Manufacturing Company CASE STUDY III-3 ERP Purchase Decision at Benton ManufacturingRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagescompleteness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives orwritten sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited

Nursing Shortage - 3156 Words

Introduction Did you know that there is 126, 000 nursing positions unfilled in hospitals across the country ( Jackson, 2006) and the average nurse is 46 years of age? ( Alexandra, 2006). The public needs to see that the shortage of nurses is a major issue that is only going to get worse if something is not done about it. It has been shown that since the beginning of the shortage there has been an increase in mortality rates due to a increase of poor patient care. If this nursing shortage continues it will only decrease the quality of care the public receives, increase costs, make hospital stays longer, and health care less effective and efficient. Teamwork, good communication, critical thinking, and problem solving are all things†¦show more content†¦It really all is a just a vicious cycle. The normal shifts for nurses are usually twelve hour long and having to work harder many nurses say they are tired before they even reach eight hours ( Weil, 2008). There has bee n an increase of workplace injuries due to the shortage and nurses having more of a workload and less time to do it. This sometimes puts nurses on light duties or once again off on sick leave (Kaestner, 2005). Nurses have become dissatisfied with there jobs and have had to resort to others to make them content and happy. Mid-career nurses had the highest dissatisfaction along with those who worked with more critical cases such as acute care, medical/surgical patients, and intensive or cardiac care. There main reasons for be dissatisfied or leaving the profession were not enough compensation, not being happy in the workplace, and scheduling problems. There was many other reasons such as poor support systems, not being able to make their own decisions, no growth opportunities or very little, no recognition for everything they do, poor relations with staff or manager, or the intensity of the work just being too high. Unsafe working conditions and on the job abuse was also mentio ned by nurses. Abuse was normally verbal and given by physicians, as well as a small amount from patients being verbal and physical ( Jackson, 2006). One wayShow MoreRelatedNursing Shortage And Nursing Turnover1719 Words   |  7 PagesNursing Shortage and Nursing Turnover Introduction Nursing shortage and turnover is an issue that has constantly and continually bedeviled the nursing leaders and managers. Without sufficient numbers in nursing, patient care and safety is considerably compromised, with lapses in service delivery, overworked and overwhelmed nurses more prone to making mistakes and across board dissatisfaction. Nursing shortage lads to nurse turnover because of the ones carrying our nursing duties areRead MoreIs Nursing Shortage Really Faculty Shortage?957 Words   |  4 PagesIs Nursing Shortage Really Faculty Shortage? Potential Solutions As the United States’ population ages and the Affordable Care Act continues to be implemented the need to address the shortage of nurses and faculty is more pressing than it ever has been. However, this is multi-dimensional problem, to get to the crux of it; one has to ask what the major contributing factors to such shortages are and what can be done to prevent them? Perhaps the most significant influence to the nursing shortage isRead MoreThe Shortage Of Nursing Professional903 Words   |  4 PagesThe shortage of nursing professional has been an ongoing crisis in many countries for the past decade. A number of countries, including the USA, have been working hard to increase the number of registered nurses in an attempt to rectify the situation and its possible impact on the health care system (CHAN, TAM, WONG, 2013). The two main places that are effected by the shortage significantly are the hospitals and long- term care facilities. Some causes due to staff shortage are str essful work environmentsRead MoreNursing Shortage And Its Effect On The Nursing Profession1146 Words   |  5 PagesThe Nursing Shortage and its Effect on the Nursing Profession With the ever-changing world of healthcare comes the numerous issues the nursing profession faces today. Just a few of these issues include economics, politics, epidemics of disease such as Ebola, and healthcare reform. One of the biggest issues within the nursing profession today is the nursing shortage. This issue is not only a concern for the nursing professional, but also a concern for the whole health care system as well as consumersRead MoreThe Shortage Of The Nursing Shortage Essay2016 Words   |  9 Pagesis likely that the reason that these unfortunate situations have happened is because of the nursing shortage around the nation. The issue of the nursing shortage refers to the lack of sufficient qualified nurses in the healthcare system. Thus, with nursing shortages comes the lack of attention for individual patient needs and even possible malpractice law suits if the issues persist. Undeniably, the shortage of nurses around the nation is growing exponentially because of th e lack of experience, educationRead MoreNursing Shortage in the United States1680 Words   |  7 PagesIt is no secret that the United States is currently experiencing a shortage of nurses . â€Å"The U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics ( 2009 ) estimated that more than one million new and replacement nurses will be needed by 2018 to meet the increased demands of the health care workforce† (). The stressful conditions under which nurses work, due in part to the nursing shortage, are among the risk factors that contribute to nurses’ abuse of illicit drugs and alcohol. Nurses are uniqueRead MoreNursing Shortage Is Not A New Problem1363 Words   |  6 Pages The nursing shortage is not a new problem to hit the medical field. It continues to burden the nursing profession across the globe. As the baby boomers reach an age of retirement, nursing is going to see a large portion of currently employed nurses retiring from positions in the upcoming years . As expressed by Jewell (2013), 57% of nurses in Canada are between the ages of 40 and 60 (p. 325). In other words, more than half of employed nurses are nearing retirement, and there is a lack of nursesRead MoreNursing Shortage And Increased Workload Essay2656 Words   |  11 PagesHospitals nationwide are experiencing nurse shortage and increased workloads because of shorter hospital stays, fewer support resources and higher acuity in patients (Vahey, D. C., Aiken, L. H., Sloane, D. M., Clarke, S. P., Vargas, D., 2004). Higher nurse workloads are directly associated with job burnout and job dissatisfaction which in turn causes more voluntary nurse turnover and relates to the increased nursing shortage. According to the Missouri Hospital Association the turnover rate of nursesRead MoreDeveloping An Implementation Plan For Nursing Shortage1662 Words   |  7 PagesDeveloping an Implementation Plan Nursing shortage is a global problem facing all health care system and the impact on nursing professional and patient care outcomes cannot be over emphasized. Despite all effort made by the ANA and health care institutions to address the issue of nursing shortage there seems to be no change and the problem still exist hence there is every need to implement a new plan to address the problem of nursing shortage (ANA, 2014). The project plan is aimed at introducingRead MoreNursing Shortage : A Shortage Of Nurses2072 Words   |  9 PagesThere is no question that the United States (US) is affected by a shortage of nurses. Even with all the prospective students and newly license registered nurses (RN), we still see a deficit in this area. In 2022, it is projected that there will be roughly 1.05 million RN jobs that are vacant nationally. These spots cannot be filled because of the predicament that we are face with currently. Many issues such as lack of faculty, an increased average age o f current RN’s, and long hours and high stress

The Theory Of Social Disorganization - 893 Words

In 1942, the theory of social disorganization was developed by two criminology researchers by the name of Clifford Shaw and Henry D. McKay. Social disorganization theory focuses on a person physical and social environments are what causes their behavioral choices. This means that if a person is placed in a neighborhood where there is a high crime rate, or the neighborhood is not dynamic, this can cause them to participate in such crimes, or make the wrong behavioral choices within the youth. In the rural poor communities with high crime rate, children who are not supervised or are not giving rules, are likely to participate in juvenile crimes. Merton’s anomie theory can best be explained as a strain that is placed on someone when they culturally pressured by society. For example many people desire to achieve the American Dream, which to live a wealthy lifestyle, or have a certain amount of income. When a person cannot achieve those goals, they become mentally strained, which leads to participating in such behaviors so they can achieve the feeling of their goals. In juxtaposition to Mertons anomie theory, Robert Agnew general strain theory identifies that a person who has been through struggles are more likely to experience behavioral problems. Agnew’s general strain theory is based on the general idea that when people are treated badly they may get upset and engage in crime. These behavioral acts may be caused by certain factors that consist of, parental influences orShow MoreRelatedSocial Disorganization Theory 922 Words   |  4 Pages Social disorganization theory is a perspective on crime and deviance that examines the community and how it influences crime. Overtime there have been several school shootings and other crime on college campuses throughout the US. People have been left wondering how such crimes can happen in an educational community. Barton, Jensen, and Kaufman break down the variables that go into a college community such as Greek life, race, and age in their article â€Å"Social Disorganization Theory and The CollegeRead MoreThe Theory of Social Disorganization701 Words   |  3 PagesSocial Disorganization Summary paper Social disorganization refers to the failure of group members to collaborate and accomplish objectives or tackle issues. Social disorganization normally alludes to a group or society described by the absence of social control. This brings about an absence of an effective functioning integration between personal maladjustment, conflicting social attitudes, and conflicting interests among group members (Goode, 2008). Criminologists and social researchers focusRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Disorganization Theory908 Words   |  4 Pages Among the different explanations proposed, there is a predominant theory: the theory of social disorganization. As described by Dr. Rengifo (2009), the social disorganization theory, forwarded by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay (1942), suggests that the variation in crime rates is linked to the weakened social integration of neighbourhoods which is a result of the presence of delinquent subcultures and structural factors on social interactions that lead to the absence of self-regulatory mechanismsRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Disorganization Theory Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesneighborhood. Although various theories can be used in order to explain the link between poverty and crime, the one that best fits would be social disorganization theory. Social disorganization theory is a theory, which emphasizes environmental impacts of living in neighborhoods that are high in crime and also stresses that this is the reason that criminal activity increases (Tibbetts Hemmens, 2015). The Chicago school theory is otherwise known as the theory of social disorganization as well. Chicago wasRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Disorganization Theory980 Words   |  4 Pagescomprehensive paragraphs on how social disorganization theory can inform your understanding of behavior and place, and one weakness which would find your understanding somehow lacking, and why. Then write two equally compelling paragraphs on how routine activities theory would foster your understanding, and one weakness which might leave your understanding lacking, and why. Frank Schmalleger explains the theory of social disorganization as one that depicts both social change as well as conflict, andRead MoreThe Social Disorganization Theory Is An Intriguing Theory976 Words   |  4 PagesThe Social Disorganization theory is an intriguing theory that can be seen in our society today. This theory states that â€Å"disorganized communities cause crime because informal social controls break down and criminal cultures emerge† (Cullen 6). The city of Chicago was the predominate focus upon the construction of this theory. The reasoning for this was because Chicago was the fastest growing population in the 19th century, a population starting at 5,000 in 1800 and growing to 2 million in 1900,Read MoreEssay on Social Disorganization Theory2441 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY† Written by Andrew Lien amp; Henry Nunnery J201 Section: 23607 Theoretical Foundations of Criminal Justice Policies Tuesdays, 06:00P-08:40P Instructor: Mark T. Berg, Ph.D. The main assumption of Social Disorganization Theory is the ability to explain why crime committed by lower class communities is more prominent than neighborhoods from communities in better economic areas. This theory is the relationship of the destabilization of urban communities andRead MoreSocial Disorganization Theory And Crime998 Words   |  4 PagesStarz’ â€Å"Power , Social Disorganization Theory and Crime Introduction: In the television show â€Å"Power†, organized crime is the most prevalent form of crime displayed. Organized crime can be defined as a methodically unlawful activity for profit on a city-wide. interstate and worldwide scale. The act of engaging in criminal activity as a structured assembly is called racketeering in the United States. The premise of this project is to research social disorganization theory as it pertains to the televisionRead MoreThe Social Disorganization Theory Of Crime1141 Words   |  5 Pages One of the most important and well-studied criminological theories intended to explain and predict crime rates is social disorganization theory (Sampson 2012). The social disorganization theory of crime was originally articulated by Shaw and McKay (1942) to explain differences in neighborhood crime rates among juvenile delinquents in concentric zones in the Chicago metropolitan area. They found that some areas had consistently high crime rates and juvenile arrests over time despite population changesRead MoreCommunity And Social Disorganization Theory1858 Words   |  8 PagesCommunity and Social Disorganization In the early part of the twentieth century, some social observers criticize that â€Å"while criminal anthropologists Lombroso and Hooton focused their attention on discerning whether criminals had larger foreheads or more tattoos than non criminals, they ignored the larger changes in society that were occurring around then† (Cullen, 97). In other words, these social observers indicate that the traditional criminology, such as the biological theory, is established

A Brief History of Courtship and Dating in America Free Essays

A Brief History of Courtship and Dating in America, Part 1 [pic]by The Rev’d Skip Burzumato [pic] Whenever possible, I love to use the word â€Å"courtship† in everyday conversation with young and old alike. It’s one of those words with which most people are familiar, but have vastly differing opinions of what it means. For many, courtship is an old-fashioned word. We will write a custom essay sample on A Brief History of Courtship and Dating in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now It summons visions of men wooing women with small tokens of affection and asking their hand in marriage on bended knee. For social scientists, studies of courtship usually look at the process of â€Å"mate selection. (Social scientists, among whom I number myself from time to time, will never be accused of being romantics. ) For the purpose of this article the preparation for and proposal of marriage is what makes the act qualify as courtship. As cultural historians Alan Carlson and Beth Bailey put it in the Mars Hill Audio Report, Wandering Toward the Altar: The Decline of American Courtship, prior to the early 20th century, courtship involved one man and one woman spending intentional time together in order to get to know each other with the expressed purpose of evaluating the other as a potential husband or wife. The man and the woman usually were members of the same community, and the courting usually was done in the woman’s home in the presence (and under the watchful eye) of her family, most often Mom and brothers. However, between the late 1800s and the first few decades of the 1900s the new system of â€Å"dating† added new stages to courtship. One of the most obvious changes was that it multiplied the number of partners (from serious to casual) an individual was likely to have before marriage. So, one important point to understand right up front (and about which many inside and outside the church are confused) is that we have not moved from a courtship system to a dating system, but instead, we have added a dating system into our courtship system. Since most young adults will marry, the process employed in finding a husband and wife is still considered courtship. However, an extra layer, what we call â€Å"dating,† has been added to the process of courting. If you are familiar with computer programming terminology, you can liken dating to a sub-routine that has been added to the system of courtship. Over the course of this two-part article, I would like to trace how this change occurred, especially concentrating on the origin of this dating â€Å"subroutine. † Let me begin by briefly suggesting four cultural forces that assisted in moving mate selection from, as Alan Carlson puts it, the more predictable cultural script that existed for several centuries, to the multi-layered system and (I think most would agree) the more ambiguous courtship system that includes â€Å"the date. The first, and probably most important change we find in courtship practices in the West occurred in the early 20th century when courtship moved from public acts conducted in private spaces (for instance, the family porch or parlor) to private or individual acts conducted in public spaces, located primarily in the entertainment world, as Beth Bailey argues in her book, From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth Century America. Bailey observes that by the 1930s and 40s, with the advent of the â€Å"date† (which we will look at more fully in the next installment) courtship increasingly took place in public spaces such as movie theaters and dance halls, removed by distance and by anonymity from the sheltering and controlling contexts of the home and local community. Keeping company in the family parlor was replaced by dining and dancing, movies, and â€Å"parking. † A second cultural force that influenced the older courtship system was the rise of â€Å"public advice† literature as well as the rise of an â€Å"expert† class of advisers — psychologists, sociologists, statisticians, etc. At the same time that the public entertainment culture was on the rise in the early 20th century, a proliferation of magazine articles and books began offering advice about courtship, marriage, and the relationship between the sexes. As Ken Myers says in Wandering Toward the Altar, from the late 1930s on, young people knew, down to the percentage point, what their peers throughout the country thought and did. They knew what was â€Å"normal. † Prior to the 20th century, â€Å"normal† was determined within families and local communities, but now a â€Å"higher authority,† with wide-spread circulation and readership, began to form a national consciousness. Thirdly, we see a change in sexual norms in the West. With the onset of the sexual revolution the question arose, â€Å"Why would a man court and woo a woman when he could gain a chief benefit of marriage, namely sexual gratification, for free with no commitment? † (Friendship â€Å"with benefits† is a contemporary example. ) Closely related to this is the invention of birth control. There is too much that could be said here, so I’ll be brief. Simply put, with the onset of the idespread use of chemical and other means of birth control, the language of procreation — of having children — was separated from the language of marriage. As U. of Chicago ethicist Leon Kass argues in his chapter on courtship in Building a Healthy Culture: Strategies for an American Renaissance, under the old system of courtship, marriage and bringing a child into the world were inextricably linked. But no longer. With the ever decreasing risk of pregnancy, having sex and bei ng married were no longer tied together. Fourthly, we find a change in the models and metaphors used to describe the home and family. Prior to the 20th century, when we talked about courtship we used language and metaphors of home and family: â€Å"He’d be a good father,† â€Å"They could have such a happy home together,† etc. The new system of courtship that played itself out in the entertainment culture and public square largely was understood and described by the advice and â€Å"expert† class with metaphors taken from modern industrial capitalism. It’s as if those who wrote and commented on male-female relationship had stopped reading the Song of Solomon and Jane Austen in favor of Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and John Maynard Keynes. The new courtship system gave importance to competition (and worried about how to control it); it valued consumption; it presented an economic model of scarcity and abundance of men and women as a guide to personal affairs — There aren’t that many good men left, so you better get one while the gettin’ is good! This new language of courtship had great symbolic importance and continues to shape the way we think, speak and act concerning relationships to this day. Have you ever known a girl who went out with a guy who was a complete dolt but who could help her get ahead socially? (And not to pick on women, it just as easily happens in reverse. Those decisions are based more on economic theory of the 19th and 20th centuries than on any sort of biblical notion of desire for the opposite sex. So, these are four important cultural forces in the early part of the 20th century that assisted in moving our culture from the older courtship system that existed prior to the la te 19th century, to a courtship system that includes â€Å"dating,† which, I will argue in the next article, is much more ambiguous and confusing. I will also talk about dating itself (including the origination of the word â€Å"date†), and how it has changed over time. ttp://www. boundless. org/2005/articles/a0001456. cfm Filipino Custom and Tradition: Courtship Although they have dated for a while here in the United States, my brother in law has to continue to court not only his fiancee but her family as well. Courtship is one that is still being practiced among the strictest of the Filipino families. This is performed by the male (who is the suitor since it is wrong to do it the opposite way) visiting the home of the female. In the olden days, courtship doesn’t start until the male suitor had obtained permission from the parents. This was done with the male suitor being accompanied by another respectable elder and approaching either the father or the mother of the female and obtaining permissions days in advanced to visit at a particular day and time. Nowadays this form of getting the parent’s permission is still being practiced in the provinces, however, due to western influences, there are some variations more adaptable to the modern times. One alternative is to make a phone call, asking for the parents’ or guardian’s permission through an elder to schedule a visit. Another way is for the suitor to approach the parents in a public place, and informally asking for permission to visit. Either way, it is to show proper respect to ask for permission prior to the formal visit. Properly greeting the parents by placing the back of the right hand of the parents to the suitor’s forehead is practiced to show respect. This is called pagmamano in Tagalog. When the permission has been granted, the suitor whether accompanied by a friend or an elder will visit the girl’s home and offers gifts. Gift bags or boxes of goodies or Filipino snacks purchased from a local store and flowers are generally given. The snacks or other goods are offered to the family of the girl then the flowers and special sweets (like chocolate or candies) are given to the girl. In a strict Filipino home, during courtship, the parents are present during the first visit. This is the opportunity to get to know each other. This is sometimes called courting the parents first and winning their hearts and approval then letting the boy or suitor court the girl. Subsequent visits are then scheduled if all went well during the first visit nd, depending on how long the courtship will last, the answer is given by the girl with the parents’ knowledge as well. Since my brother in law and his fiancee have already dated and gone through a bit of courtship here in the United States, what he would do in his visit is to court or meet her family. He brought some pasalubong (gifts) from America which he will give to each family member. Other culture may call this as dowry but in the Filipino culture it is just plain gift-giving. No suitor should go to a girl’s home without bearing gifts at least during the first visit. Then he will be introduced formally to her mother since her dad had passed away and also meet her younger siblings. His fiancee and her family would prepare a special meal and he will partake in them whole-heartedly. http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/397501/filipino_customs_and_traditions_courtship. html The Filipino way of courtship is probably among the most romantic in the world. TRADITION Courting under Filipino tradition gives very big importance on the value of respecting the woman and her family and strictly adhering with proper rules set by society for pursuing a lady. This practice which dates back to the Spanish times prohibits men to be very aggressive or becoming even when they want the lady very much. One cannot just talk and approach a lady in the street and ask her number or address. If a young man sees a lady he likes he should seek out the help of a go-between, usually a common friend of both family, to ask the permission of the girls father whether he can visit them in their house. This is the gentlemanly thing to do so the parents will most likely approve unless of course the lady is just a child. When the approval is obtained, the suitor can then come to the house with the go-between who will initiate the introductions to the family. The parents in turn will introduce their daughter to the gentleman. In this stage, the suitor is expected to bring â€Å"pasalubong† or gifts to the family and a special one to the girl he likes. This he will have to do everytime he visits the girl’s house. In the Philippines, when you court a lady, you have to court her whole family as well. In this first visit, the couple will not be left alone on their own to get to know each other. It will just be an informal chatting and introduction and getting-to-know stage between the suitor and the family and making clear of the suitor’s intention to pursue the host’s daughter. After the initial visit, the suitor is then expected to woo  the girl by showing up in her house more often and establish rapport with the her family. This is the stage where he does the â€Å"paninilbihan† or servitude. He serves the girls family in any way that he can to show to them and to the girl of his sincere intentions and love for her, be it by chopping firewood, fetching water from the well, etc. It is a way of saying â€Å"I will do anything to prove my love for you†. At night, he will sing â€Å"harana† or love songs outside the girls house by the window with a guitar and his friends serving as back ups. They will sing and wait until the lady finally opens the window and invites them into the house. They will then be served with light snacks and they can talk in the presence of the girls parents and the man’s friends. Note that in most times, the couple will be with either friends or families. It is considered inappropriate to leave an unmarried couple unsupervised in those times no matter what their ages are. The process of courting a Filipina in the traditional sense is a long and arduous process. It is expected that a Filipina will play hard-to-get when court because that is the norm. No matter how much she likes the man, she has to show utmost restraint and disinterest. Girls are made to believe that men will value them more if they are made to work hard before letting them have what they want. So after a long period of paninilbihan and a series of haranas, the girl can finally accept the suitor’s love. At this stage, the couple can now start dating in public but always in the company of a chaperon. The man will still continue to come to the house and help out. When the time comes when he feels he is ready to get married, he and his parent’s will have to come to the girl’s house and the parents of the boy will have to formally ask the hand of the hand of the girl in marriage to their son. This stage is called â€Å"Pamamanhikan† or â€Å"Paghingi ng Kamay†. In doing this, they will have to bring with them, lots of food and presents as well as the dowry that they can present to the girls parents. In the Philippines, dowry is given by the boy’s family, not by the girl’s family. This is because we give high value to the women in our society and giving them away is not easy. When the two families have come to an agreement as to the dowry, the wedding date is set, a ring is presented to the girl and the couple is said to be betrothed. A small feast is then held with the food brought by the boy’s family. MODERN Although a lot of our traditional wedding practice is still being observed these days there are modifications and â€Å"evolutions† that has been introduced to it that gives it a more modern version. Modern Filipino courtship revolves more on the liberalism of Filipino youth. If Filipinos of opposite sex were not allowed to mingle in public in the old days, these days that is already possible. These has allowed courtship to be a little more lenient on youngsters. You can now meet a girl you like through a common friend or on a party but never on a street as the same is still regarded as inappropriate. Most parents would still want their children to be courted inside the house though some modern and liberal-minded Filipinas don’t do this anymore and prefers to meet up somewhere else instead, a clear disregard of tradition and parental respect. Modern courtship does not really have a pattern. It could start from a group date where friends would pair friends up and tease them. Friends could play cupid and set a couple up and leave them on their own to talk then before you know it they are going out on a date. With the influence of western television, modern courtship these days are going fast although it doesn’t necessarily have the emotional baggage attached with immediately going to bed. It would take a lot longer time for Filipinos to trust each other to get to that point. It stems on the virtues rooted from the olden days. Modern Filipina ladies are also decisive on their choices. Those who do not really want their suitors would not hesitate on letting them know of this fact. A refused suitor is called â€Å"basted†. These modern Filipinas are only a tip of the iceberg as most Filipinas especially the ones in the province still adheres to the traditional way of courtship. Most families still observes the rituals connected to panliligaw, pamamanhikan or paghingi ng kamay, dowry etc. Gone were the days of paninilbihan and haranas. These days, it is enough that a man shows up in a lady’s house and bonds with the woman’s family. He is not expected to chop wood or fetch water but at least show the girl’s family that he is worthy enough of her love. It is important though to note whether it be traditional or modern, to show your sincere intention of courting by introducing yourself to the family and impressing the girls family in any way that you can. ONLINE We know how hard it is to try and court a Filipina online, believe use, we’ve been there. Here are some helpful tips to go through with it: 1. Try to be as gentleman as possible. A Filipino male sets his best foot forward in courting a girl. That’s how the game is played. 2. Keep communication lines open. Filipinas love to talk on email, on skype, etc. They just want to feel and hear you love them all the time. This is their way of bridging the distance. Filipinas have a lot of insecurities, if you forget to call them they will immediately feel bad or suspicious you’re up to something. That’s true to most Pinays. Constant communication helps. 3. Filipinas love surprises 4. Make good all of your promises. When you say you are coming on a certain date make sure you come on that date. Sincerity to Filipinos is measured not by saying what is right but by doing what is right. http://www. western-asian. com/index. php/archives/30 How to cite A Brief History of Courtship and Dating in America, Papers

Surgical Site Infections Prevention Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Surgical Site Infections Prevention. Answer: Introduction The current assignment focuses on the concept of surgical site infections (SSIs) and its prevention and control measures in a medical ward of a hospital. There has been a drastic increase in the number of infections which had taken place after surgery in a surgical ward of a specific hospital as reported by the nursing unit manager. The surgical site infections are one of the major causes of morbidity worldwide. The study here takes into consideration the origin, causes and preventive measures for the control of surgical site infections. The SSIs have been seen to claim a number of lives apart from resulting in longer hospital stays. Additionally, higher amount of expenditures are generated attributed to the specialised care and services. The assignment also takes into consideration a number of steps such as the origin and the causes of the SSIs outbreak. The types of the SSIs have been grouped based on its symptoms and site of expressions. Therefore, a number of parameters such as the Who checklist needs to be established which helps in maintaining the safety requirements of the surgery. Origin and causes of SSIs outbreak Surgical site infections are a major source of post-operative illness and is the second most common form of health associated infections within the context of a hospital. The surgical site infections may originate from a gaps or loopholes which may arise out of mere carelessness during the process of undertaking a surgery (Uppal et al. 2013). As mentioned by Anderson et al. (2014), the immunity and the clinical condition possessed by the patient further dictates the risk of contracting a surgical site infection by the patient. For instance, in the context of diabetes mellitus the immune system of the person is affected resulting in poor wound healing. Additionally, poor glycemic control associated with diabetes mellitus leads to increased risk of SSI (Chiang et al. 2014). The SSIs may be differentiated based upon the place of occurrence of the SSIs such as superficial incisional surgical sire infection, deep incision surgical site infection, organ-space surgical site infection etc. Types of SSI Superficial incisional SSI The incisional superficial surgical site infection may be defined as the one which occurs at the site of incision within 30 days of surgery. As mentioned by Namba et al. (2013), the superficial SSI affects the skin and/or subcutaneous tissue where an incision had taken place. The symptoms exhibited may consist of continuous drainage from the site of infection (Waits et al. 2013). The superficial SSIs are limited to the surface of the skin only and are not deep rooted. Therefore, the healing process occurs more speedily reducing the recuperation time along with the additional charges of hospitalization. Deep incisional SSI The SSI occurring after 30 days of surgery if no implant had been left in the place, or surgical infections occurring within a year of surgery, when an implantation has been made is known as deep incisional SSI (Schweizer et al. 2015). This particularly affects the soft and deep tissues of the body and takes an incessant amount of time in healing. The wound redressal often takes a longer amount of time along with constant monitoring by the physician in required in the process. Organ-space SSI The organ spaces SSI are known to occur within 30 days of surgery generally with or without an implant. The infection may originate at any other site of the specific organ other than the site of the infection. The management of the condition requires high doses of antibiotics to be provided the patient as the wound is deep rooted. The organ spaces SSI are often associated with a number of contradictions such as huge number of precautionary measures which needs to be implemented for reducing infections (Korol et al. 2013). As commented by Uckay et al. (2013), failure in the implementation of the precautionary measures can result in the occurrences of severe disruptions within the clinical procedure. However, the risk factors of triggering of autoimmune disorders are present in the organ transplant, which calls for stricter measures to be followed (Owens et al. 2014). Investigating the origin and the cause of the infection The occurrence of the SSI is directly linked to the type of surgery performed and the natural micro biota of the organ where the incision has been made. Most commonly the infections are caused by gram positive coccus bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis (Chen et al. 2013). They mostly affect the skin of the patient and results in superficial infection. On the other hand, gram negative bacteria Enterococcus feacalis and Escherichia Coli affect the GI tract of the patients after surgery. There might be a number of risk factors which further increases the chances of surgical site infections manifold time such as the present health status of the patient, the surrounding physical environment and the clinical interventions. The risk of SSI is measures as a product of contamination and virulence divided by the host resistance (Xing et al. 2013). In this context, the exact details regarding the nature and the severity of the infection were collected from the patients. A microbial analysis was done were skin surface lesions were collected from the patients of the ward. On further microbial analysis, the presence of superficial infections caused by staphylococcus aurreus was revealed. Therefore, further investigation was carried on which revealed the use of contaminated surgical instruments within the local ward. Therefore, a number of control measures could be implemented over here including sterilizing and cleaning the ward apart from isolation of the ward. Control measures A number of preventive or control measures can be undertaken for the prevention of surgical site infections. Reports and estimates have suggested that 11% of the patients who undergo surgery get infected in the process. As per estimates in the United States alone the occurrences of the SSIs results in additional 10 billion dollars every day. In 2008, World Health Organization (WHO) initiated the Safe surgery, Save lives initiatives to safeguard the life of the patients undergoing surgery (who, 2017). As commented by Edmiston et al. (2013), the purpose for the launching of such as program was to spread awareness regrading safety measures to be undertaken during the conduct of serious operations. The Who guidelines are binding upon the hospitals and the emergency care wards, which helps in ensuring that risk situations are avoided(Mackenzie et al. 2013). Some of the precautionary measures which could be taken over here are implementation of evidence based tools for the control of surgical site infections. As commented by Jenks et al. (2014), the evidence based tools helps in accurate implementation of safety measures within acute hospitals settings. In this respect, a modified grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) strategy could be implemented within the current hospital scenario to reduce the rates of surgical site infections due to false methods or procedures. Some of the precautionary measures, which could be implemented over are here bathing the patient with antimicrobial or antiseptic agent before the day of surgery. The antimicrobial prophylaxis should be administered based upon clinical guidelines only. As asserted by Anderson et al. (2014), the timing should be noted so that the concentration of the bacteria is maximum in the blood or serum when the inclusion in made. This helps in establishment of the bactericidal effects controlling the rate of growth of the population. During the surgery glycemic control needs to be implemented using blood target levels less than 200 mg/dl (Tanner et al. 2015). As mentioned by normothermy needs to be maintain in the patients along with increased fraction of inspired oxygen should be maintained in the patient during the surgery. Classification of recommendation categories The recommended categories of the GRADE administrative tool could be divided into four different types such as Type 1A, 1B, 1C and II. The types could be further discussed as follows: Type 1A- This consists of a strong recommendation supported by high to moderate clinical evidences suggesting net harm or benefits to the patients. This helps in maintaining sufficient transparency within the policy framework and the procedure guidelines. Type 1B-This comprises of low quality evidence suggesting net harm or benefits of the clinical practise. This mainly consists of basic methods implemented for the prevention of microbial infection during and after the post operative surgeries and consists of aseptic techniques. Type 1C- The type c could be defined as a strong recommendation implemented by the state or federation. This mainly consists of evidence based procedures supported by data and clinical trials for the prevention of surgical site infections. Type II- This consist of weak recommendation supported by quality based evidence suggesting trade off between clinical benefits and harms. No recommendations- An issue with low to very low quality recommendations suggesting uncertain tradeoffs between the benefits and harms of implementation of practices. Contradictions of implementing the measures There are a number of contradictions are faced for the implementation of the surgical practices. The contradictions mainly arise due to lack of clarity regrading the guidelines for the effective implementation of safe surgical methods. Additionally, some of the factors such as sufficient amount of support from senior administration regarding the implementation of safe surgical practices, lack of surgical buy ins can result in serious contradictions. Moreover, presence of some other forms of sicknesses such as diabetes can result in delaying the wound healing process. As commented by Schweizer et al. (2014), the presences of diabetes have often been linked with some other co-morbid conditions such as chronic Kidney disease (CKD). The CKD could be measured by estimating the amount of creatinine present in the blood of an individual. The presence of excess amount of creatinine have been related to severe physiological implications such as development of leg amputations in individuals and reported delay in the healing of wounds, along with additional discharge.WHO has suggested the use of checklist for evaluating the safety parameters during and after the post operative surgeries. However, as argued by Martin et al. (2016), the implementation of each and every safety parameter in the checklist often requires a lot of time. This could further delay in the immediate redressla and time of surgery. Conclusion The current assignment focuses on the concept of surgical site infections and the effects of the same on the health of the patient. The surgical site infection is of three main types depending upon the severity and the types of the infection. The SSIs have been claiming more life than often and are associated with larger number of casualties within the acute hospital setting. The surgical site infections have been increasing at an alarming rate within the health care. The SSIs often results in longer duration of hospital stays along with additional costs to be mitigated in medicines. The SSIs had been further discussed based upon its categories such as the deep incision SSI, superficial SSI and organ transplant SSI. For the control and the mitigation of the same the WHO had provided a number of checklist and precautionary measures which needs to ne implemented strictly within the hospital set up. The checklist helps in measuring each and every underlying parameter, which helps in reducing the gaps and the errors in the services. Additional sufficient amount of support from the supervisors can help in reducing the chances of such major incidents. Some of the major steps which needs to be taken in this regrade are use of sterilized surgical instruments along with sufficiently trained professionals helps in reducing the chances of such accidents. References Anderson, D.J., Podgorny, K., Berros-Torres, S.I., Bratzler, D.W., Dellinger, E.P., Greene, L., Nyquist, A.C., Saiman, L., Yokoe, D.S., Maragakis, L.L. and Kaye, K.S., (2014). Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute care hospitals: (2014) update.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,35(S2), pp.S66-S88. Chen, A.F., Wessel, C.B. and Rao, N., (2013). Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization in orthopaedic surgery and reduction of surgical site infections.Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research,471(7), pp.2383-2399. Chiang, H.Y., Kamath, A.S., Pottinger, J.M., Greenlee, J.D., Howard III, M.A., Cavanaugh, J.E. and Herwaldt, L.A., (2014). Risk factors and outcomes associated with surgical site infections after craniotomy or craniectomy.Journal of neurosurgery,120(2), pp.509-521. Edmiston, C.E., Bruden, B., Rucinski, M.C., Henen, C., Graham, M.B. and Lewis, B.L., (2013). Reducing the risk of surgical site infections: does chlorhexidine gluconate provide a risk reduction benefit?.American journal of infection control,41(5), pp.S49-S55. Jenks, P.J., Laurent, M., McQuarry, S. and Watkins, R., (2014). Clinical and economic burden of surgical site infection (SSI) and predicted financial consequences of elimination of SSI from an English hospital.Journal of Hospital infection,86(1), pp.24-33. Kohler, P., Kuster, S.P., Bloemberg, G., Schulthess, B., Frank, M., Tanner, F.C., Rssle, M., Bni, C., Falk, V., Wilhelm, M.J. and Sommerstein, R., (2015). Healthcare-associated prosthetic heart valve, aortic vascular graft, and disseminated Mycobacterium chimaera infections subsequent to open heart surgery.European heart journal,36(40), pp.2745-2753. Korol, E., Johnston, K., Waser, N., Sifakis, F., Jafri, H.S., Lo, M. and Kyaw, M.H., (2013). A systematic review of risk factors associated with surgical site infections among surgical patients.PloS one,8(12), p.e83743. Mackenzie, W.S., Matsumoto, H., Williams, B.A., Corona, J., Lee, C., Cody, S.R., Covington, L., Saiman, L., Flynn, J.M., Skaggs, D.L. and Roye Jr, D.P., (2013). Surgical site infection following spinal instrumentation for scoliosis: a multicenter analysis of rates, risk factors, and pathogens.JBJS,95(9), pp.800-806. Martin, E.T., Kaye, K.S., Knott, C., Nguyen, H., Santarossa, M., Evans, R., Bertran, E. and Jaber, L., (2016). Diabetes and risk of surgical site infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.infection control hospital epidemiology,37(1), pp.88-99. Namba, R.S., Inacio, M.C. and Paxton, E.W., (2013). Risk factors associated with deep surgical site infections after primary total knee arthroplasty: an analysis of 56,216 knees.JBJS,95(9), pp.775-782. Owens, P.L., Barrett, M.L., Raetzman, S., Maggard-Gibbons, M. and Steiner, C.A., (2014). Surgical site infections following ambulatory surgery procedures.Jama,311(7), pp.709-716. Schweizer, M.L., Chiang, H.Y., Septimus, E., Moody, J., Braun, B., Hafner, J., Ward, M.A., Hickok, J., Perencevich, E.N., Diekema, D.J. and Richards, C.L., (2015). Association of a bundled intervention with surgical site infections among patients undergoing cardiac, hip, or knee surgery.Jama,313(21), pp.2162-2171. Schweizer, M.L., Cullen, J.J., Perencevich, E.N. and Sarrazin, M.S.V., (2014). Costs associated with surgical site infections in veterans affairs hospitals.JAMA surgery,149(6), pp.575-581. Tanner, J., Padley, W., Assadian, O., Leaper, D., Kiernan, M. and Edmiston, C., (2015). Do surgical care bundles reduce the risk of surgical site infections in patients undergoing colorectal surgery? A systematic review and cohort meta-analysis of 8,515 patients.Surgery,158(1), pp.66-77. Uckay, I., Hoffmeyer, P., Lew, D. and Pittet, D., (2013). Prevention of surgical site infections in orthopaedic surgery and bone trauma: state-of-the-art update.Journal of Hospital Infection,84(1), pp.5-12. Uppal, S., Harris, J., Al-Niaimi, A., Swenson, C.W., Pearlman, M.D., Reynolds, R.K., Kamdar, N., Bazzi, A., Campbell, D.A. and Morgan, D.M., (2016). Prophylactic Antibiotic Choice and Risk of Surgical Site Infection After Hysterectomy.Obstetrics and gynecology,127(2), pp.321-329. Waits, S.A., Fritze, D., Banerjee, M., Zhang, W., Kubus, J., Englesbe, M.J., Campbell, D.A. and Hendren, S., (2014). Developing an argument for bundled interventions to reduce surgical site infection in colorectal surgery.Surgery,155(4), pp.602-606. who (2017), who , Available at :https://www.who.int/about/en/ [Accessed on 22 Sep. 2017] Xing, D., Ma, J.X., Ma, X.L., Song, D.H., Wang, J., Chen, Y., Yang, Y., Zhu, S.W., Ma, B.Y. and Feng, R., (2013). A methodological, systematic review of evidence-based independent risk factors for surgical site infections after spinal surgery.European Spine Journal,22(3), pp.605-615.