Scaling Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Scaling Study - Essay Example In like manner, individual space is obvious in a wide scope of circumstances †even in packed conditions where in the physical space is restricted. A case of such circumstance occurs in trains which are constantly stuffed with travelers. For this situation, individuals take part in specific practices so as to keep up their own space given the absence of physical space. In addition, however it's anything but a physical idea, it is conceivable to quantitatively gauge individual space using a dimensional scale. While trying to do as such, a poll, as a verbal recurrence scale, was built up that contain ten things, depicting distinctive dividing practices that individuals participate in. So as to be increasingly explicit, these practices were restricted to those normally showed in the train †being a typical setting for individual space examines. For every thing, five reaction alternatives were given which are coded from 1 to 5 †the most elevated score comparing to â€Å"Alw ays† and the least to â€Å"Never†. Nonetheless, there are two unique kinds of things made †adversely and decidedly expressed articulations, separately †with the end goal that coding of reactions was turned around for those things which are contrarily expressed. The complete scores for all the things would be included and the normal would be registered. Given this scoring, the variable, individual space, can be operationally characterized as how much people take part in various practices so as to forestall relational relations. The supposition that will be that people who keep an enormous individual space are probably going to connect with to various separating practices; thus, a high score in the test involves a huge individual space. Legitimacy Measures In request to ensure that that the survey would quantify what it should gauge, two kinds of legitimacy were built up before the organization of the polls. In the first place, the substance legitimacy of the p oll was set up by making things that were completely founded on perceptions made by past specialists in their investigations of individual dispersing practices in the train. Thusly, past perceptions found in distributed diaries were converted into individual articulations that establish the things secured. Second, while it's anything but a decent sign of convenience, the face legitimacy of the survey was kept up so as to seem satisfactory and applicable to the respondents. The inquiries were worded in a straightforward way to encourage better understanding. Likewise, the survey was organized to the accommodation of the respondents to such an extent that they would just need to surround their reaction for every thing. In the wake of setting up substance and face validities, the polls were then regulated to ten respondents who can without much of a stretch be reached by the scientist whenever. So as to guarantee that the respondents can identify with the inquiries secured, just ordina ry train travelers were picked to take an interest in the investigation. Thusly, similar surveys were again controlled to similar respondents following a time of multi week so as to affirm the soundness of results. All reactions were coded and inputted in factual programming for investigation. In view of the outcomes, the respondents scored high in the variable that was estimated. This implies individuals do take part in specific exercises and practices that would secure their own space. These discoveries affirm the built up hypotheses and desires on the said theme. All things considered, it very well may be derived that the inquiry

Observation and Child Free Essays

Date of Observation: 26th January 2012 Time began and completed of perception 09. 40-10. 00 Number of kids present: 16 Number of grown-ups present: Two childcare laborer two understudies (Including me the onlooker) Permission acquired from: Supervisor Description of setting: This perception occurred in a pre-school in a town in the midlands. We will compose a custom paper test on Perception and Child or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now It occurred in a morning meeting in the pre â€school class. It provides food for a long time and a half year to class going age. The pre-school is open from 9. 30 am†12. 30pm Monday to Friday and cooks for 18 youngsters. It is one enormous room all female staff. Quick setting: The perception occurred in the enormous play room. This is a huge vaporous live with a lot of bright toys. The room can suit a sum of 18 kids and there are 15 present today. Brief portrayal of the kid watched: TC is a female multi year and multi month old. TC four years of age sister goes to the pre-school. TC mother runs the pre-school. TC has earthy colored hair. TC father works all day. TC lives with the two guardians, TC is sitting at a table for the greater part of this perception playing with a van, digger and a truck. Point of perception: The point of this perception is to watch a TC for a time of 20 minutes so as to see TC enthusiastic advancement in the free stream play of a youngster 3 years and three months. I would trust over the 20 minutes that the youngster has enthusiastic create. My own focus on this perception is to figure out how they are done and enhance my perception aptitudes and to improve as a spectator. Technique: Narrative Media utilized: Pen and paper Evaluation: The point of the perception is to watch the physical advancement of a kid that is 3 years and one month. Individual learning: The perception strategy functioned admirably for the physical turn of events, particular when she was playing at the table. Perception. The account technique was a decent to use to watch the kid developments . The story strategy prepared me to watch the youngster and to hear them out to get the kid physical turns of events. The story technique gives a great deal of data about the kid. I don’t think the pre-school impact the kid to create. Proposal: perceptions are significant as they can get on any troubles the kid might be having regardless of how little it could be. I watched the kid all around and saw in doing her playing expressed on my account perception. If I somehow managed to pick game utilizing squares with the goal that a youngster would have the option to develop them. This would show a kid fine engine abilities. This was my first perception to do and it went quite well and I am content with it. For the following perception I will be progressively arranged, and I know when the best time is to do a perception. Book index: Flood E (2010) youngster advancement for understudies in Ireland. Dublin: Gill Macmillan The most effective method to refer to Observation and Child, Essays

Understanding the Binge-Purge Cycle in Bulimia

Understanding the Binge-Purge Cycle in Bulimia Eating Disorders Print Dealing With the Binge-Purge Cycle in Bulimia By Susan Cowden, MS facebook linkedin Susan Cowden is a licensed marriage and family therapist and a member of the Academy for Eating Disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Susan Cowden, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 20, 2019 Justin Sullivan / Staff / Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention In This Article Table of Contents Expand Triggering Events Binge-Eating Episode Results of Cycle Purging Episode Follows Calm Period View All Back To Top The binge-purge cycle is a cycle of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions experienced by many people who suffer from the eating disorder  bulimia nervosa. A portion of this cycle may also be experienced by people with binge eating disorder.?? The cycle looks like this: diet-binge-purge-repeat. It typically repeats itself over and over, and if you are suffering from bulimia nervosa, you may feel like its impossible to stop. But understanding this pattern of behavior is one of the best ways to figure out how to stop it and start on the road to  recovery. Triggering Events for Binge-Purge Cycle It is important to recognize that the model above, derived from cognitive-behavioral therapy, shows how a binge cycle is maintained. It does not indicate how the eating disorder first developed. Every binge cycle has an event or series of events that trigger the cycle. These triggers need not have caused the  eating disorder itselfâ€"in many cases, the triggering events or emotions are different every time. But these triggers do start a new cycle of bingeing and purging.?? Many binges stem from food deprivation. Individuals who diet or restrict their eating, even in subtle ways, set themselves up for binge eating. Food is a basic need and when that need is not met, it is normal to intake a larger than normal amount when you do allow yourself to eat again. Many people identify specific emotions as triggers for binges, such as sadness, loneliness, guilt, or feelings of helplessness or hopelessness. These emotions, which so frequently are difficult to handle, may be experienced throughout the course of a day or days. They may be caused by a specific event or series of events, such as an argument with a loved one, criticism at work, or self-criticism. People tend to be more vulnerable to emotional eating when they have been restricting their eating. Regardless of the specific emotion or event, identifying your own triggers is one way to recognize red flags which mean you need to do something different. Binge-Eating Episode Binge eating is defined as eating more in a single setting than most people would. Although this definition is very subjective, binges are much larger than a regular meal and can often contain several thousand calories. Many people describe binges in terms of feeling out of control or not really even knowing how much they are eating. Some people describe the experience as being zoned out as theyre eating â€" they then look down to find empty boxes/containers.?? Binge eating is one of the main behaviors in the binge-purge cycle. It may begin innocently with eating a small portion of food that is typically considered “off-limits.” After eating this portion many people feel guilty and decide to “eat the rest” as they’ve already “blown their diet” and would rather finish the rest of the forbidden food so it won’t be around to tempt them tomorrow. Challenging Forbidden Foods Alternatively, a binge can begin with eating comfort foods to soothe the negative emotions related to an upsetting event and then continue into a full binge. It can also be your bodys way of getting nourishment when you havent been eating enough food. Physical and Emotional Results of Cycle After a binge, most people feel uncomfortable, or even painfully, full. This feeling goes beyond the fullness you experience after, say, a major holiday meal with family and friends. Its simply the result of eating so much. Along with these physical pains comes emotional pain, possibly including feelings of embarrassment, shame, guilt, disgust and/or self-criticism. These emotions typically lead to the purge part of the cycle.?? Purging Episode Often Follows Quickly For many sufferers, the time span between binging and purging is very short. Purging becomes a way to relieve oneself of the negative feelings (physical and emotional) of the binge. 6 Steps to Stopping a Cycle of Binging and Purging Most people think of purging as self-induced vomiting, but it can also include  laxative  and/or diuretic use. Sometimes people use other behaviors, such as exercise, to compensate for the additional calories consumed in a binge.?? Some people will have one binge and purge episode and then go into a period of calm. Others may binge and purge multiple times before stopping. Calm Period Before Cycle Restarts After a binge and purge episode, there may be a period of calm. At this point, a person may resolve to never binge or purge again. He or she may even decide to begin restricting his or her food intake. Unfortunately, this will simply lead to binge eating again.?? There are also people who acknowledge that they will likely binge and purge again. They feel hopeless to stop the cycle. A Word From Verywell If you are experiencing bingeing and purging, the first thing is to know that recovery is possible. You may be able to apply some strategies on your own. Keep food records to understand your own patterns. Learn some strategies for breaking the cycle. Finally, seek help from a qualified professional. How to Challenge All-or-nothing Thinking

Frankenstein by Mary Shelley - 640 Words

â€Å"During my first experiment, a kind of enthusiastic frenzy had blinded me to the horror of my employment; my mind was intently fixed on the consummation of my labour, and my eyes were shut to the horror of my proceedings. But now I went to it in cold blood, and my heart often sickened at the work of my hands.† (Shelley, 178) The Romantic Movement began in the 1970’s and ended in the 1850’s. One of the key ideas shared by Romantics was that a literal and metaphorical return to nature was necessary. They believed that the individual was the most important part of society. Romantics rejected the Scientific and Industrial Revolution. They believed that cities prevented individuals from discovering the sublime. Mary Shelley’s Romantic and Gothic novel, Frankenstein, opens with a series of letters from Robert Walton, an explorer, to his sister. Throughout these letters, Victor Frankenstein’s story is told. He was born into a wealthy family, and studi es at a well-known school, where he develops an interest in biology. Eventually, Frankenstein is able to bring corpse back to life. He is horrified by his creation and abandons the monster. The monster eventually kills everyone that Frankenstein loves and in doing so, he also indirectly kills Victor. The monster then feels guilty and kills himself. Frankenstein reflects the Romantic views of Mary Shelly. There are many Romantic elements in Frankenstein. There is the evident dehumanization of the Industrial Revolution. Shelley alsoShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1650 Words   |  7 Pagesbook of Frankenstein does one just think of a mythical science fiction book that really has no meaning? Frankenstein can have numerous meanings depending on how a person perceives it. Frankenstein can be analyzed into many themes; some say religion, feminism, or scientific symbolization, it all depends on ones own perception. When one analyzes further into Mary Shelly’s life and then interprets the novel it is obvious that is a sociological theme. One can simply assume that Mary Shelley creates FrankensteinRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley1093 Words   |  4 Pagesfaster than man can contend with. That argument is the premises, moral, and plot base for Mary Shelleys tale Frankenstein. On the other hand, J. Michael Bishops, essay Enemies of Promise   on the other hand promotes and boast sciences achievements. However, Mary Shelley presents her point of view subtly yet very dramatically, which is much more effective than that of J. Michael Bishop. The dramatic story Shelley creates becomes a part of the reader, therefore holding the readers attention. ShelleysRead MoreMary Shelley Frankenstein859 Words   |  4 Pages Mary Shelley The Creature in Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus† needs a companionship as every ordinary human. Every man needs a woman, who will able to share moments of happiness and sadness, a woman who will be able to share thoughts and of course a woman who will be able to love a man. In this case the Creature needs a bride. But the problem is that the Creature from the â€Å"Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus† is not a human. SoRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1138 Words   |  5 PagesIs Frankenstein a man, whose ambition led to a disaster; or a monster, which created a life with disregard for the human race? Frankenstein, in my opinion, was the monster not the life that he had created. Frankenstein never admitted to his family what he had done, never admitted responsibility for his actions. He might as well have killed Elizabeth, William, Justine, and Clerval with his own hand. The so called â€Å"Monster† only wanted companionship; he did not want to murder those people. TheRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1325 Words   |  6 PagesI have been informed that you are pushing to remove the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley from the school curriculum. I’ve decided to write to you and explain why I believe that you are misinformed, and in fact, why this is a huge importance to the students of today. Frankenstein is a classic which recounts the life and horrors of Victor Frankenstein, as told through a series of letters and narrations. His obsession with the natural world and science brings him to a state of mind which ultimatelyRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1580 Words   |  7 PagesFrankenstein by Mary Shelley is a sci-fi novel written during the Romantic Movement in Britain’s early nineteenth century. The movement was stimulated by the French Revolution, Industrial Revolution and in reaction against the emphasis on reason in eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosophy (The Romantic Movement, 2014 ). Mary Shelley’s husband, Percy Shelley was also a romantic poet during the movement. Shelley’s novel is evidently influenced by her relationship with her husband, which is illustratedRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley739 Words   |  3 Pagesinterconnections of humanity, nature, and divinity (â€Å"Romanticism 1†). English Romanticism being trendy in Europe, people would vent their outlooks onto their personal fiction works such as Mary Shelley. Shelley uses vivid creativity and romantic elements to create one of her admired novels, Frankenstein. In Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, most of the characters prove their compassion for mankind, prove their rejection of technology and science, and prove their involvement in a romantic quest. These several characteristicsRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1040 Words   |  5 Pages In 1818, a book titled Frankenstein was published anonymously, mysteriously dedicated to William Godwin, a prominent journal ist and political philosopher of his time. The immediate reviews of the novel were mixed, most edging towards critical, although no one knew who the book was written by. However, while Frankenstein failed to gain popularity immediately, no one had any idea the lasting impact this novel would have on the world. Despite the lukewarm reception at its debut, it soon proved to beRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1078 Words   |  5 PagesMary Shelley’s Frankenstein has undoubtedly withstood the test of time. Frankenstein’s direct association with fundamental Gothic literature is extremely renowned. However, the novel’s originality is derived from the foundational thematic values found within the relationship (or lack there of) between Victor Frankenstein and the monster he had created, in combination with a fascinatingly captivating plot. Understandably, Frankenstein can often be associated with a multitude of concepts; however,Read MoreFrankenstein, By Mary She lley1532 Words   |  7 PagesLike any author, especially one who created a new genre, there will be criticism, and Shelley is no exception. Shelley received criticism surrounding Frankenstein not only because she was a female writer, but because of her writing style. Originally, Frankenstein was published anonymously and was thought that her husband, Percy Shelley, wrote it (â€Å"Mary Shelley Biography† 2016). Shelley may have published Frankenstein anonymously because â€Å"’women understood that they got a â€Å"better hearing† if it was thought

Annotated Bibliography on Infidelity - 968 Words

Annotated Bibliography Carnes, Patrick. â€Å"Out of the Shadows: Understanding Sexual Addiction† Minneapolis: CompCare, 1983. Patrick Carnes’ book offers a real life look at the problem of sexual addiction. He used the past experiences of others to write a book detailing the causes and effects of sexual addiction. Carnes explains how sexual addiction is a huge problem to all involved, not just the â€Å"offender†. He also explains how the addiction is a problem just like any other addictions. The book describes the danger of addictions to humans by stating, â€Å"Because our sexuality is one of our most fundamental life processes, sexual compulsiveness is extremely threatening to all of us†(Carnes page 5). Carnes uses fictionalized†¦show more content†¦Web. 5 Feb. 2014. In Othniel Seiden’s article, he discusses some of the â€Å"reasons† for infidelity. He lists twenty reasons that people have given as to why they have cheated on a spouse o r significant other. Seiden goes on to say that many people have unrealistic views or expectations on a marriage and states, â€Å"Romance novels, movies, TV shows, may give couples a false sense of what marriage is all about†. (Seiden) This article also discusses the common differing reasons women and men cheat. Seiden’s article tells many reasons people would commit adultery. The article is very informative on how marriages work and what one needs to do to help keep their spousal relationship alive. Many people believe that affairs are strictly physical, but affairs come in many forms. This article illustrates the different types and what can be done to try and avoid them. It will also be used to help interpret what one would need to do to prevent the distasteful human action of infidelity. It will also be used to show the differences between the types of affairs. The author’s conclusions are interesting and will make valuable points in a resear ch paper. University of Montreal. Infidelity Dissected: New Research On Why People Cheat. ScienceDaily. 13 September 2008. Web. 5 Feb. 2014. The University of Montreal performed four different studies to help prove the assumption that people with evidentShow MoreRelatedPsychology and Infidelity Liberty University Essay2627 Words   |  11 PagesEmotional and Sexual Infidelity Liberty University ABSTRACT There are many ways in which infidelity can be explained depending on what you are reading or with whom you are speaking. Emotional and sexual infidelity is the two most studied forms of infidelity. The cognitive approach to infidelity explains that as our cognition is developing, we are also indirectly learning behaviors that could contribute to infidelity as adults. Infidelity no matter what the circumstances are surrounding itRead MoreDivorce and Well-Being: An Annotated Bibliography1528 Words   |  6 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Amato, Paul R. The Consequences of Divorce for Adults and Children. Journal of Marriage and the Family 62.4 (2000): 1269-87. This article talks about divorce-stress-adjustment perspective. The article review draws on research that goes all the way back to the 1990s and it basically answers the following questions: What factors mediate the effects of divorce on individual adjustment? Are these differences due to divorce or to selection? How do individuals from marriedRead MoreEssay on Supreme Court Case: Sheppard V. Maxwell 19661315 Words   |  6 Pagesperspective on how the law feels about the Sheppard V. Maxwell case by giving insight on the prosecutor’s point of view. Entin explains in detail, â€Å"The prosecutor’s theory of the case was straightforward: Sam Sheppard,†¦ whose wife was frustrated by his infidelity, argued with Marilyn in their bedroom, beat her to death†¦ and invented a tale of a bushy-haired intruder who slugged him unconscious†¦ After killing his wife, Sam called his brother Steve to help him fix up the murder scene†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Entin goes on toRead MoreLove Is An Interesting Idea2396 Words   |  10 Pagesreflects the frustration of the wife as her questions remain unanswered. Lines two to four of the second stanza use inverted syntax. This method has been utilised to revert attention back to the wife by emphasising the phrases ‘my ruin’ and ‘your infidelity’. The poet wants to show readers the outcome of the husband’s mistake on the wife and the pain that it has caused her. From the second stanza on, she tries to play the bigger person between the pair. The line ‘I will be true in spite of fate’ provesRead MoreThe Struggles of Cultural Assimilation of Nigerian Women in America4406 Words   |  18 Pagesorders, hometown associations and ethnicity in the USA. Global Networks, 9(2), 209-226. doi:10.1111/j.1471- 0374.2009.00251.x. Smith, D. (2010). Promiscuous girls, good wives, and cheating husbands: Gender inequality, transitions to marriage, and infidelity in southeastern Nigeria. Anthropological Quarterly, 83(1), 123-152. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Tatum, Melissa L. 2000. Group identity: Changing the outsiders perspective. George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal 10:357–97. Uyanga, RRead MoreWe Can Love Too3314 Words   |  14 PagesRomantic relationships, gave me more in depth analysis on how social media can affect romantic relationships. She says in her article that Facebook puts a new strain on romantic relationships. The article points out that when using social media, infidelity is much easier and accessible than before. Of course the people who are cheating online, would probably also cheat in real life, but social networks make it that much easier. The fact that it makes it easier for cheating means that Social MediaRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage in Modern Society5830 Words   |  23 Pageschildren. But unlike their expectations, gay marriage also has some positivity, they include; Gay marriage helps to curb promiscuity since infidelity among gay couples is not as high as that among normal couples who are either married or unmarried but cohabit. Therefore, with the legalization of same sex marriages, it will assist with reduction of infidelity cas es hence providing good moral background for the younger generation. Gay marriage may also lead to reduced suicidal cases; owing to the

Pre-Linguistic Development Free Essays

As linguistic development designates the stage when children are able to manipulate verbal symbols, it should be apparent that pre-linguistic development refers to the stage before the child is able to manipulate such symbols. Consequently, this stage is sometimes called the pre-symbolic stage. We will write a custom essay sample on Pre-Linguistic Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/english-iii/"Pre-linguistic development, therefore, concerns itself with precursors to the development of symbolic skills and typically covers the period from birth to around 13 months of age. Four stages can be identified: * Vegetative sounds (0-2 months): the natural sounds that babies make, e. . crying, coughing, burping, and swallowing. * Cooing and laughter (2-5 months): these vocalizations usually occur when the baby is comfortable and content. They are typically made up of vowels and consonants. * Vocal play (4-8 months): the infant engages in longer and more continuous streams of either vowel or consonant sounds. * Babbling (6-13 months): at least two sub-stages are identified – reduplicated babbling, in which the child produces a series of Consonant-Vowel (CV) syllables with the same consonant being repeated (e. . wa-wa-wa, mu-mu-mu) and non-reduplicated babbling, consisting of either CVC vocalizations (e. g. mom, pip) or VCV vocalizations (e. g. ama, ooboo). [See Speech Development] Up to this stage of development much of what the child produces is really no more than a sort of verbal play. The child is practicing individual sounds, and sound sequences, and gaining the motor skills necessary to produce what will eventually be considered as actual adult words. So, young children make various sounds and others then assign meaning to these. So, for example, a child may reach for an object whilst at the same time saying ‘m’. An adult may interpret this as the child wanting help to get the object. The child, having realized that this combination of physical gesture (reaching) and articulating ‘m’ prompts an adult to pass the desired object, may go on to repeat this behavior. The child is learning that certain actions that he or she performs can be used to control his or her environment. These changes come about because the child’s ability to focus their attention on their caregiver and on objects becomes more refined as they mature. For example, from 0-2 months there is shared attentiveness in which only the baby and caregiver form part of any interactive event – all other elements are ignored. From 2-6 months there is interpersonal engagement when the baby is conceptually able to differentiate their own self from the caregiver and focus attention on each other and on the ‘message’ of the communicative event. Then, from about 6-15 months there is a shift such that the child is now able to focus attention on objects (e. g. cups, toys, books) and understand that the communicative event is focused on these. This is sometimes called joint object involvement. It is, however, the emergence of words from about 12 months onwards that signals the onset of linguistic development. This is the stage when there is symbolic communication emerges. Linguistic Development Linguistic development occurs at what is called the One Word Stage. It is at this stage that we can properly talk about a child’sexpressive language, i. e. the words used to express emotions, feelings, wants, needs, ideas, and so on. This should not be confused with the child’s understanding or receptive language. The two are, of course, closely related. However, a child will typically understand much more than he or she can actually express and a child’s expressive language, therefore, lags behind its comprehension by a few months. Early One Word Stage (12-19 months) Before the emergence of the first ‘adult’ words the child will use specific sound combinations in particular situations. The sound combinations are not conventional adult words but they appear to be being used consistently to express meaning. For example, if the child says mu every time he or she is offered a bottle of milk then this may be considered to be a ‘real’ word. Similarly, if the child says bibi each time he or she is given a biscuit then, even though the sound combination does not represent an exact adult word, it would still be considered an early word. These early words are called protowords. The child will also be using gesture together with these specific vocalizations in order to obtain needs, express emotions, and so on. The important point is that the child is consistent in his or her use of a particular ‘word’. Later One Word Stage (14-24 months) The words used by the child are now more readily identifiable as actual adult words. A variety of single words are used to express his or her feelings, needs, wants, and so on. This is the stage at which, amongst other things, the child begins to name and label the objects and people around them. Examples include common nouns such as cup dog hat proper nouns such as Dad Sarah Rover and verbs such as kiss go sit The child may also use a few social words such as no bye-bye please The child will not yet have developed all the adult speech sounds and so the words used are unlikely to sound exactly as an adult would say them. However, they are beginning to approximate more closely to an adult model and they are beginning to be used consistently. At the end of the One Word Stage the child should have a much larger vocabulary, should be able to sustain a simple conversation, be using several adult speech sounds appropriately, and be conveying meaning through the use of single words in combination with facial expression, gesture and actions. These single words will express a variety of meaning. The next stage in the child’s development of expressive language is that he or she begins to combine two words together into simplephrases. Two Word Stage (20-30 months) It is at this stage that the child begins to produce two-word combinations similar to the following. daddy car shoe on where Katie Note that a variety of different word classes may be combined: * For example, daddy car involves the combination of two words from the same word class of nouns one noun (daddy) with another noun (car). * However, shoe on consists of two words from two different word classes, nouns and prepositions: one noun (shoe) plus a preposition (on). * Also, where Katie uses a so-called interrogative pronoun (where) together with a proper noun (Katie). In fact, a high percentage of these two-word combinations incorporate nouns. This is not surprising, as the child has spent a lot of time learning the names of objects and people. These are the important things in his or her environment and the things that are most likely to be manipulated, talked about, and so on. They are often the concrete, permanent things to which the child can most readily relate. In addition, at this Two Word Stage there is also prolific use of verbs (e. g. go, run, drink, eat). Three Word Stage (28-42 months) As its name implies, at this next stage of development children extend their two-word utterances by incorporating at least another word. In reality children may add up to two more words, thereby creating utterances as long as four words. The child makes greater use of pronouns (e. g. I, you, he, she, they, me) at this stage, e. g. me kiss mummy you make toy he hit ball It is at this stage that the child also begins to use the articles the, a and an. At first their use is inconsistent but as the child approaches 42 months of age they become more consolidated in their utterances, e. g. me kick a ball you give the dolly he throw an orange In addition, it is common for the prepositions in and on to be incorporated between two nouns or pronouns, e. g. mummy on bed you in it Sarah in bath Four Word Stage (34-48 months) From about 34 months the child begins to combine between four to six words in any one utterance. There is greater use of contrast between prepositions such as in, on and under and adjectives such as big and little, e. g. mummy on little bed daddy under big car daddy playing with the little ball Complex Utterance Stage (48-60 months) This stage is typified by longer utterances, with the child regularly producing utterances of over six words in length. It is at this stage that the concept of past and future time develops and this is expressed linguistically in a child’s utterances, e. g. we all went to see Ryan yesterday [past time] Daddy is going to get a shoe [future time] Robert stopped and kicked a good goal [past time] Some of the more conceptually difficult prepositions such as behind, in front and next to also become established at this stage. The child will also be using the contracted negative, e. g. can’t rather than can not, didn’t rather than did not, won’t rather than will not, and so on. Example utterances include the following. Helen can’t go to granddad’s house Connor didn’t stop crying he won’t eat up all his dinner for mummy There is a lot of controversy about just when the Complex Utterance Stage is completed. Some researchers claim that at five years of age a child has developed all of the major adult linguistic features and that the only real progression beyond this stage is the further acquisition of vocabulary items. Other researchers, however, argue that children up to the age of 12 years are still developing adult sentence structure. As indicated, our overview of language development has focused on how the child develops longer and longer utterances, i. e. it has concentrated on expressive language. It should be noted, however, that there is a parallel development of comprehension, or receptive language. So, for example, at the Early One Word Stage the child is capable of understanding a few single words spoken by others as well as speaking a few words. Similarly, at the Three Word Stage the child can also comprehend the four to six word utterances spoken by others as well as producing such utterances themselves. In summary, the child will need to be able to comprehend utterances at least at the same level as those that he or she is able to construct and use expressively. In reality, we find that a child’s level of understanding actually precedes their level of expression. That is to say, a typically developing child will always understand more than they can express. The extent to which the development of receptive language precedes expressive language is highly variable and it is not possible to define any precise norms. The following table summarizes the stages of early development of expressive language. How to cite Pre-Linguistic Development, Papers

Pre-Linguistic Development Free Essays

As linguistic development designates the stage when children are able to manipulate verbal symbols, it should be apparent that pre-linguistic development refers to the stage before the child is able to manipulate such symbols. Consequently, this stage is sometimes called the pre-symbolic stage. We will write a custom essay sample on Pre-Linguistic Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/english-iii/"Pre-linguistic development, therefore, concerns itself with precursors to the development of symbolic skills and typically covers the period from birth to around 13 months of age. Four stages can be identified: * Vegetative sounds (0-2 months): the natural sounds that babies make, e. . crying, coughing, burping, and swallowing. * Cooing and laughter (2-5 months): these vocalizations usually occur when the baby is comfortable and content. They are typically made up of vowels and consonants. * Vocal play (4-8 months): the infant engages in longer and more continuous streams of either vowel or consonant sounds. * Babbling (6-13 months): at least two sub-stages are identified – reduplicated babbling, in which the child produces a series of Consonant-Vowel (CV) syllables with the same consonant being repeated (e. . wa-wa-wa, mu-mu-mu) and non-reduplicated babbling, consisting of either CVC vocalizations (e. g. mom, pip) or VCV vocalizations (e. g. ama, ooboo). [See Speech Development] Up to this stage of development much of what the child produces is really no more than a sort of verbal play. The child is practicing individual sounds, and sound sequences, and gaining the motor skills necessary to produce what will eventually be considered as actual adult words. So, young children make various sounds and others then assign meaning to these. So, for example, a child may reach for an object whilst at the same time saying ‘m’. An adult may interpret this as the child wanting help to get the object. The child, having realized that this combination of physical gesture (reaching) and articulating ‘m’ prompts an adult to pass the desired object, may go on to repeat this behavior. The child is learning that certain actions that he or she performs can be used to control his or her environment. These changes come about because the child’s ability to focus their attention on their caregiver and on objects becomes more refined as they mature. For example, from 0-2 months there is shared attentiveness in which only the baby and caregiver form part of any interactive event – all other elements are ignored. From 2-6 months there is interpersonal engagement when the baby is conceptually able to differentiate their own self from the caregiver and focus attention on each other and on the ‘message’ of the communicative event. Then, from about 6-15 months there is a shift such that the child is now able to focus attention on objects (e. g. cups, toys, books) and understand that the communicative event is focused on these. This is sometimes called joint object involvement. It is, however, the emergence of words from about 12 months onwards that signals the onset of linguistic development. This is the stage when there is symbolic communication emerges. Linguistic Development Linguistic development occurs at what is called the One Word Stage. It is at this stage that we can properly talk about a child’sexpressive language, i. e. the words used to express emotions, feelings, wants, needs, ideas, and so on. This should not be confused with the child’s understanding or receptive language. The two are, of course, closely related. However, a child will typically understand much more than he or she can actually express and a child’s expressive language, therefore, lags behind its comprehension by a few months. Early One Word Stage (12-19 months) Before the emergence of the first ‘adult’ words the child will use specific sound combinations in particular situations. The sound combinations are not conventional adult words but they appear to be being used consistently to express meaning. For example, if the child says mu every time he or she is offered a bottle of milk then this may be considered to be a ‘real’ word. Similarly, if the child says bibi each time he or she is given a biscuit then, even though the sound combination does not represent an exact adult word, it would still be considered an early word. These early words are called protowords. The child will also be using gesture together with these specific vocalizations in order to obtain needs, express emotions, and so on. The important point is that the child is consistent in his or her use of a particular ‘word’. Later One Word Stage (14-24 months) The words used by the child are now more readily identifiable as actual adult words. A variety of single words are used to express his or her feelings, needs, wants, and so on. This is the stage at which, amongst other things, the child begins to name and label the objects and people around them. Examples include common nouns such as cup dog hat proper nouns such as Dad Sarah Rover and verbs such as kiss go sit The child may also use a few social words such as no bye-bye please The child will not yet have developed all the adult speech sounds and so the words used are unlikely to sound exactly as an adult would say them. However, they are beginning to approximate more closely to an adult model and they are beginning to be used consistently. At the end of the One Word Stage the child should have a much larger vocabulary, should be able to sustain a simple conversation, be using several adult speech sounds appropriately, and be conveying meaning through the use of single words in combination with facial expression, gesture and actions. These single words will express a variety of meaning. The next stage in the child’s development of expressive language is that he or she begins to combine two words together into simplephrases. Two Word Stage (20-30 months) It is at this stage that the child begins to produce two-word combinations similar to the following. daddy car shoe on where Katie Note that a variety of different word classes may be combined: * For example, daddy car involves the combination of two words from the same word class of nouns one noun (daddy) with another noun (car). * However, shoe on consists of two words from two different word classes, nouns and prepositions: one noun (shoe) plus a preposition (on). * Also, where Katie uses a so-called interrogative pronoun (where) together with a proper noun (Katie). In fact, a high percentage of these two-word combinations incorporate nouns. This is not surprising, as the child has spent a lot of time learning the names of objects and people. These are the important things in his or her environment and the things that are most likely to be manipulated, talked about, and so on. They are often the concrete, permanent things to which the child can most readily relate. In addition, at this Two Word Stage there is also prolific use of verbs (e. g. go, run, drink, eat). Three Word Stage (28-42 months) As its name implies, at this next stage of development children extend their two-word utterances by incorporating at least another word. In reality children may add up to two more words, thereby creating utterances as long as four words. The child makes greater use of pronouns (e. g. I, you, he, she, they, me) at this stage, e. g. me kiss mummy you make toy he hit ball It is at this stage that the child also begins to use the articles the, a and an. At first their use is inconsistent but as the child approaches 42 months of age they become more consolidated in their utterances, e. g. me kick a ball you give the dolly he throw an orange In addition, it is common for the prepositions in and on to be incorporated between two nouns or pronouns, e. g. mummy on bed you in it Sarah in bath Four Word Stage (34-48 months) From about 34 months the child begins to combine between four to six words in any one utterance. There is greater use of contrast between prepositions such as in, on and under and adjectives such as big and little, e. g. mummy on little bed daddy under big car daddy playing with the little ball Complex Utterance Stage (48-60 months) This stage is typified by longer utterances, with the child regularly producing utterances of over six words in length. It is at this stage that the concept of past and future time develops and this is expressed linguistically in a child’s utterances, e. g. we all went to see Ryan yesterday [past time] Daddy is going to get a shoe [future time] Robert stopped and kicked a good goal [past time] Some of the more conceptually difficult prepositions such as behind, in front and next to also become established at this stage. The child will also be using the contracted negative, e. g. can’t rather than can not, didn’t rather than did not, won’t rather than will not, and so on. Example utterances include the following. Helen can’t go to granddad’s house Connor didn’t stop crying he won’t eat up all his dinner for mummy There is a lot of controversy about just when the Complex Utterance Stage is completed. Some researchers claim that at five years of age a child has developed all of the major adult linguistic features and that the only real progression beyond this stage is the further acquisition of vocabulary items. Other researchers, however, argue that children up to the age of 12 years are still developing adult sentence structure. As indicated, our overview of language development has focused on how the child develops longer and longer utterances, i. e. it has concentrated on expressive language. It should be noted, however, that there is a parallel development of comprehension, or receptive language. So, for example, at the Early One Word Stage the child is capable of understanding a few single words spoken by others as well as speaking a few words. Similarly, at the Three Word Stage the child can also comprehend the four to six word utterances spoken by others as well as producing such utterances themselves. In summary, the child will need to be able to comprehend utterances at least at the same level as those that he or she is able to construct and use expressively. In reality, we find that a child’s level of understanding actually precedes their level of expression. That is to say, a typically developing child will always understand more than they can express. The extent to which the development of receptive language precedes expressive language is highly variable and it is not possible to define any precise norms. The following table summarizes the stages of early development of expressive language. How to cite Pre-Linguistic Development, Papers

Internet Advertisements Essays - Internet Marketing, Sina Corp

Internet Advertisements The Internet can be very useful for companies to advertise and sell their products. Since anyone can have access to the Internet, sellers can reach the majority of the consumers through the use of the Internet. The two companies Sina and ASM both rely on the Internet to run their companies receiving revenues through the Internet and reaching their audience. Sina is a company that has become the most heavily trafficked Web sites in the Chinese language market. (Laudon, 18). Sina is known in China for providing first-rate, comprehensive, up-to-the-minute news, it also offers popular chat rooms, community platforms, financial information, online shopping platforms, search and free email throughout its four sites. (About Sina, 1). Sina uses the Internet to link people all over to other Chinese language sites. The Internet is very essential for Sina to operate its business. The Internet is the way that Sina operates with its users. Revenues are generated for Sina by advertising for companies on its Web site that is primarily for the U.S. and Taiwanese. Sina is hoping to generate profits through charging subscription fees for access from users to their sites and to add electronic commerce and Internet telephone capabilities to its Web sites. Asia Source Media (ASM) offers services via Internet for companies participating in global trade. (Laudon, 18). ASM used to be an Asian trade magazine that eventually installed software and offered an interactive catalogue of products and factories on CD-Rom and converted its catalogue to a Web site. Consumers view products and then contact the sellers using email. Using email and the Web sites helps the buyers and sellers come together saving money on costly travel or telephone calls. ASM helps to provide users online information on trade shows, product alerts and discounted prices from factories. ASM earns its revenues by accepting ads to be displayed on its Web site. (18) as well as getting paid for listings by sellers and very soon to be buyers. The whole make up of these two businesses relies wholly on the Internet to run them. Both of the companies generate all their revenues through use of the Internet. If there were no Internet, Sina would not be able to advertise on the Internet therefore not being able to generate revenue and not surviving as a company. Both of the companies use the Internet to better serve their customers and potentially adding new customers in the long run as well. Without the Internet these companies would not be able to operate their business and not serve their customers or gain potential new ones. These two companies help their customers find what information or products they are looking for in the comfort of their houses or offices. The Internet saves the customers time and money by proving a fast way to retrieve what they are looking for. Without the Internet the customers would have to search for products and information by going to these sellers to shop around or by sitting on the phone for h ours calling these sellers for information. They can just click a button and find whatever they need or are looking for in less time and money. Computers and Internet

American Dream critique essays

American Dream critique essays The implicit critique of the American Dream in Sea Oak. The notion of the American Dream is widely used describing the American Society in general. Sometimes we hear: He is the real embodiment of the American Dream. But what does it mean? Is he famous? Is he successful? Has he much money? The answer is YES. He is prosperous and wealthy. But how has he reached that? The answer is he believed in the American Dream. What is the American Dream, then? The American dream is the idea held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage and determination one can achieve prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. The origin of the American dream stems from the departure in government and economics from the models of the Old World. This allowed unprecedented freedom, especially the possibility of dramatic upward social mobility. Europeans came to America to escape a poor quality of life at home. They wanted to embrace the promise of financial security and constitutional freedom they had heard existed so widely in the United States. That was the time when some poor people coming to a new Land could achieve wealth. Nearing the twentieth century, major industrialist personalities became the new model of the American dream, many beginning life in the humblest of conditions but later controlling enormous corporations and fortunes. Perhaps m ost notable here were the great American capitalists Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller. This acquisition of great wealth appeared to demonstrate that if you had talent, intelligence, and a willingness to work extremely hard, you were likely to be a success in life as a result. There are hundreds of such examples, in fact. But, still, is that so simple? Is that really a formular that works? That is the question. The American Dream is the part of the American culture. It is the ma...

Absolutely!

Absolutely! Absolutely! Absolutely! By Maeve Maddox Not a month goes by that someone doesn’t write to complain about the ubiquity of the word absolutely. The following objections to this word are typical: Please answer a question without starting with the word absolutely. Its driving me mad, please please stop. What’s wrong with responding, â€Å"without a doubt,† â€Å"you bet,† â€Å"of course,† â€Å"for sure,† or simply â€Å"yes†? It [strikes] me as ironic that perfectly good English words and phrases like thats correct and yes [are] being usurped by the invasive absolutely. Complaints about absolutely have been circling the Web for at least 18 years. It was on the Lake Superior State University’s list of banished words in 1996. It continues to be the object of wrath on many blog sites, and it made another appearance on the LSSU list in 2014. Perceptions that absolutely as a synonym for â€Å"yes† is a recent tic have led people to speculate as to what or whom to blame for introducing it into popular speech. In 1996, a critic put the blame on the movie Rocky (1976). However, the citations in the OED indicate that absolutely has been used as an affirmation since 1825: Is it permitted me to ask your majesty whether the opinion of the queen is conformable to that of your majesty? Yes, absolutely; she will tell you so herself. (1825) Is such really the state of matters between you and Rivers? Absolutely, sir! (1847) Do you mean to say that if he was all right and proper otherwise youd be indifferent about the earl part of the business? Absolutely. (1892) Absolutely is not confined to use as a word for â€Å"yes.† It is also used to modify words in every type of context, from baby clothes to wartime atrocities: Fifteen Absolutely Darling Onesies Pablo Hernandez scored an absolutely outrageous no-look back-heel against Atletico Madrid this evening. The Absolutely Most Delicious Wrap and Sandwich Recipes Cookbook Killing reporters during battles in southeastern  Ukraine  is  absolutely unacceptable. In each of these examples, absolutely is being used as an empty intensifier, the way awesome is so often used. Sometimes absolutely is used functionally, as in this household tip: Get all the  clothes  that you want to store  absolutely clean and dry. Here the meaning is, â€Å"to the fullest extent.† In a 2009 article on the CNN website, Rex Bossert, an assistant dean at the University of California, Irvine School of Law, is quoted as blaming O.J. Simpson for introducing absolutely as the ultimate modifier. Bossert points out that when Simpson was arraigned in 1994 and was asked how he pled, he didn’t say simply â€Å"not guilty†; he said, â€Å"Absolutely, 100 percent not guilty.† Why does a word that ranks so high among verba non grata continue to remain so popular? The CNN article also quotes an account executive who has embraced absolutely as her word for â€Å"yes† because it sounds reassuring: Absolutely sounds confident and sure. In times of ambivalence, people could use a bit of semantic surety. When you use it, you just feel more confident. Unfortunately, many speakers perceive absolutely as the contrary of reassuring. In the view of one college student at the University of Oregon, [Absolutely] now means â€Å"a lot of bull.† It’s like â€Å"whatever,† or â€Å"sure.† It grates on me when a professor or another student says â€Å"absolutely† because saying it means they’re a phony (2010). Bottom line: Absolutely as both a synonym for â€Å"yes† and a meaningless intensifier will probably be with us for some time. Professionals need to be aware that promiscuous use of the word is annoying, and that many speakers view such use as evidence of insincerity, untrustworthiness, and mental vacuity. vacuity (noun): complete absence of ideas; vacancy of mind or thought. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?Ten Yiddish Expressions You Should KnowA "Diploma" is not a "Degree"

Effects of Competitiveness on the UK Construction Industry Literature review

Effects of Competitiveness on the UK Construction Industry - Literature review Example The success of an organisation in a given nation highlights the important factors that the organisation controls when compared to other organisations (Jones & Saad 2003). The UK construction industry enjoys various competitive factors that enable it to succeed in the current market. Some of the competitive factors within the industry include the good leadership strategies, strategic advantage, market advantage, good marketing strategies; furthermore, they have knowledgeable personnel, production advantage, modern technology, finance advantage, good administration and risk management advantage (Morton 2007). Effects of competitiveness on the UK construction industry The U.K construction industry has more than 300, 000 firms, which employs over 2 million individuals to perform several roles (Morton 2007). The construction industry typifies the material and products used in construction, suppliers and the producers of the construction material, building services offered by contractors, providers and installers of the services, constructors, sub-constructors, professional advisors , construction clients and the different organisations that specialise in design and building (Morton 2007). The sector accounts for 5 percent of the UK Gross Value Added, which is similar to the values that France, Germany and U.S contributes towards their economy (David & Male 2001). The construction industry in UK specialises in the residential and nonresidential building as well as infrastructure. The industry has an advantage because the designers, civil engineers, contractors and product manufacturers are globally reputable because they devise high-tech solutions to varied projects within the construction industry. The industry has been undergoing a tremendous growth in the infrastructure and commercial construction sector (Cobbold & Lawrie 2001). The UK construction industry competes in an aggressive global market. The industry has high production level and its goods and services a re of high quality. This counteracts the competition from other industries worldwide. The construction industry adopts several approaches that enable it to increase its productivity and quality (Benati 2004). The UK construction industry embraces admirable leadership strategies because it has a long-term defined vision. This encourages the industry to meet the long-term developments. The leadership process also enables the industry to compete in the market because the industry gives room for success, letdown and learning. The UK construction industry maintains an appropriate learning environment because it allows people to learn from errors (Evers & Gerke 2008). This establishes a framework for the industry to improve on their developments; hence, reducing the possibility of failure. The leadership team within the industry highlights their expectations for them to monitor and identify whether they are competent enough to meet the set targets. Additionally, the leadership team devise s effective decision-making methods, which are vital in the building and maintenance of competitive advantage. The industry has a diverse management team with different talents; hence, maximizing their production. The leadership team has good communication skills, which enables them to build the long-term relationship and advance their operational productivity (Great

Jewish PhilosophyIf man was created in God's image, how can he behave Essay

Jewish PhilosophyIf man was created in God's image, how can he behave as he does - Essay Example This question is that if G-d is good and righteous and has created humans in his own image, how can people be evil and do so much harm to each other. This question is probably as old as religions themselves. It is simply a tentative lump for some of us, and for many more at given moments of misfortune and despair. In my paper I would like to touch upon this subject and try to discover some possible explanations of why the evil and evil people persist in our world if the Almighty has the powers to stop them. Furthermore, I would like to explore the thesis of humans being created in G-d's image, according to the principles of Judaism. To begin with, I would like to turn to the words of the holy Torah (Bible) and see the event of the man's creation. In Genesis 1:26 it is said "On the last day of creation, God said, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness". This verse, even though being short, is in fact a contradiction and has been arising arguments for centuries already. Lower, I would like to present my understanding, that I have formed having read much literature on this subject, of the two concepts "image" and "likeness". Having the "image" or "likeness" of God means, that we, the humans, were created to resemble G-d. The words "image" and "likeness" convey the idea of the whole man being created in this way. Of course, we know that man's physical body is not patterned after the physical appearance of the Divinity, because G-d is a Spirit and does not dwell in a physical body. However, this does not exclude the fact that the physical body is some part of the image of God (Man Created in the Image of G-d). The "image" of G-d refers to the immaterial part of man. Having the G-dly image and likeness inside of us, means having a reflection of G-d's intellect and freedom, as well as the freedom of choice (Man Created in the Image of G-d). Yes, it would be easier and more understandable for us, if the Almighty had created the humanity to be all righteous and decent, though that was not his intention. Further in my paper this concept will be explained in more details. In order to make the paper more clear lower I would like to refer to the works by two great Jewish contemporary philosophers Martin Buber and Abraham Joshua Herschel. In his famous work I and Thou (Ich und Du, first published in German in 1923) Buber suggested that human life could be defined by the way in which they engage in dialogue with each other, with the world, and with the Almighty. As said by Buber, "human beings adopt two attitudes toward the world: I-Thou or I-It". I-Thou attitude is a relation of subject-to-subject, at the same time as I-It attitude is a relation of subject-to-object. In the I-It relationship individuals recognize each other to be consisted of explicit, secluded characters, as well as they view themselves as part of a world, which, in its turn, consists of many things and characters as well. I-Thou is a relationship of "mutuality" and "reciprocity", while I-It is a relationship of "separateness" and "detachment" (Buber). The main emphasis of Buber that is still

Quality Management at Coca Cola, Vodafone and Cadbury

Quality Management at Coca Cola, Vodafone and Cadbury The total quality management is customer oriented, with all the members of the organisation striving to systemically improve the organisation through the partial participation of the employees in problem solving efforts across the functional and hierarchical boundaries. The total quality management includes the concepts of quality products, process control, quality assurance and quality improvement on an fragmentary basis. All the transformational process in an organisation to improve the customers satisfaction in the most economical manner for all these the control is taken by the quality management. This process works in each unit of the work system with the internally self control. The problem solving action is given to the lower level in the organisation, allowing the responsible people to take the quality control and corrective measure where necessary in order to deliver a product or service that meet the needs of the customers. Total Quality Management has a management philosophy, a paradigm, a continuous improvement approach to doing business with a new management model. The philosophy of quality management has evolved a philosophy of continuous improvement focusing on the quality and the most important dimension of the activity. Meanwhile, dominant highlight the quality of the product or service. The total quality management goes beyond statistical process control activities to embrace a broader management on how we manage people and organizations by focusing on the whole process and not mere measures. Keeping the customers in mind at all time is when the company makes the quality products and services, which is always the highest priority of the organisations. From quality guarantee hard work of each employee for the quality of society as a whole. The company which wants to be success in the market and among its customers devotes itself to make quality products and service for its customers. TQM (Total quality management) is a way to manage the future of the organization and have much wider application only to ensure the product or service quality It is the way of managing the people and business processes to ensure customer satisfaction at every stage of the organisational activity, internally and externally. It is a combined effort of the effective leadership, results organisations doing the right things and right first time. The core of quality management is the customer- supplier relation edge, both externally and internally and in each edge lays a number of processes. This is the main activity that surrounds the organizations promise to quality and quality of the message and recognisation needs to change the entire organization to create quality. These are the basis for quality management and support of the leadership roles of people, processes and systems. For the quality management, the chosen companies are from different industries and they have different systems and requirement for their quality management for their product and services which are to be introduced to the market. The companies are Coca Cola, Vodafone, Cadbury. These three companies provides its products to the customers with products and services quality checked before introducing in the market so that the customers are satisfied and the company makes the effective and efficient use of the material and making profit at the end. 2. Quality Management at Coca cola The coca cola company ensures the best quality of its beverages by implementing globally accepted authenticated manufacturing process and quality management system. The company measure the products and its package quality attributes to ensure that the beverages products in the marketplace meet the requirements of the company and expectations of customers. Consistency and reliability are the two key factors to the quality of the product. These factors are critical in meeting the global regulatory requirements and the company standards. The global nature of the business requires high standards and processes for ensuring consistent products and quality from the concentrate production to the bottling and product delivery by them. For ensuring the consistency and reliability, the companys quality system is directed by The Coca-Cola Management System (TCCMS). TCCMS is their integrated quality management program which holds all the operations of the company system wide to the same standards for the production nad distribution of the beverages. It assures the highest standards in the management of the product quality, the environment and the health and safety throughout the Coca cola system. TCCMS is supported by the heads throughout the company as it guides the product safety and quality by bringing together the ultimate objective of the business and quality simultaneously with consistent metrics of monitoring the performance of the product, integrating the preventive actions as a management tool. It demands rigorous efforts while planning for introducing a new product or service including the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) into the companys system standard. This management system includes defining the problem solving methodologies and tools to make continuous product safety and quality improvements. The relevance of the product safety and quality guidelines are evaluated again and again so as to stay updated with the new regulations, best practices in the industry and the market conditions to help them sustain in the market with their competitors. The food quality and safety awareness are provided to the manufacturing as well as the entire supply chain. The company maintains a safety and quality system for the TCCMS requirement by establishing, implementing and documenting each business within the coca cola system. The process and quality assurance program conducted at each of the manufacturing facilities are with world class standards. The following are the programs. 2.1 Proof and testing source of water for plant site selection The manufacturing plant site is finalised only after the source water is tested for the requirement. The testing of the source water are conducted by the third party accredited laboratories, the analysis are conducted are based on the requirement of the globally standards. After the selection, the source water is checked and tested on a regular basis to ensure that the international standards are met. The water for the plant are taken through the sealed pipelines and stored in. tanks placed in secure areas of the water treatment plant. 2.2 Purity of Sugar The sugar selection process as severe as our water selection process. The sugar is brought from the high grade authorised mills, which is then cleaned with global acclaimed carbon treatment process. The sugar is then converted to purified sugar syrup which is that mixes with the soft drink beverage concentrate. 2.3 Carbon Dioxide Meeting International Purity Standards Carbon-dioxide is manufactured from authorised suppliers which meets the international purity standards. The gas is then taken through a severe quality control confirmation prior to using it in the beverages etc. 2.4 Automated Bottling Process The bottles returned from the market are recycled through automated process; these bottles are sterilized at a very high temperatures with formulated cleaning agents. The bottles are then transported to the filler for filing with the automated filling machine, the bottles are then capped, date coded and packed into crates. (Quality commitment, http://www.cocacola.in/quality/quality_commitment_policy.aspx) The company has a well clear and structured manufacturing procedure quality control and guarantee program. All manufacturing services of the company are skilled, experienced and professional training to manufacture and test the product. The company has a strong internal audit system to monitor the compliance to international and local standards. The manufacturing facilities are audited by the external audit agencies for the quality management standards. The company make sure that the beverages are tested by acknowledged quality assurance mechanism before it is brought to the market. Company meets the international standards ISO 9001:2000, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 SGS and Lloyds of London, an internationally recognized registrar, to assess the quality system against Coca-Cola ISO 9001:2000 (quality) and ISO 14001 (Environment) . Department supports the activities of the company for each of the packages to enable them to offer world class products. The system applies to the bottling company, and activities are also supported by the same technical and quality systems and standards. 2.5 Quality Assurance and control The coca cola company has one global standard Coca cola operation in different areas follows the same international quality standards across all the bottling operations. Every ingredient used in the manufacturing process of the beverages meet all the local regulatory, company and international standards. They undergo through extensive testing and inspection before it is introduced. These ingredients are regularly tested by the external accredited laboratories so that they are updated and they meet the standards of the company 3. Quality Management at Vodafone Vodafone has adopted specific framework of analytically assessing the excellence of the services which are given to the customers. These frameworks are assessed from the concept and planning phase to their delivery of the product to the ultimate customers in the market. These frameworks include the following: 3.1 Service Evaluation Service Evaluation is done to ensure that the new product and services are designed, developed and implemented based on the quality requirements, keeping the company policies in mind and processes aiming to meet customers need. The quality standards of the new products and services are checked through specific number of trials with certain level standards, with prior and post launch of the product against the initial technical and quality specifications. 3.2 Quality of Service monitoring The most important method before going to set the target and network development on the use of mobile telecommunication network is to understand the customer perception on these matters. The pioneer indicators demonstrate the quality of service is the Call Success Rate- CSR- the percentage of successfully set up, maintained and released calls, as perceived by the customers, the Poor Voice Quality- accessing the quality of communication and the Weak signal Percentage- evaluating the weak signal level. Quality of Service is monitored is performed on their GSM, GPRS and UMTS Services. 3.3 Suppliers and Partners Performance Evaluation Vodafone access the quality of the product and service and identify the areas of improvement and implement appropriate action in order to maintain a mutual trust and cooperation with its partners and to achieve mutual beneficial synergies. 3.4 Participation in Vodafone group network and Service quality team Vodafone aims to ensure the quality of the product and services especially on the new technologies which creates the new demand for the company in the market. Special care is been taken about the participants in the Vodafone group network and service quality team. The purpose is to- To introduce the quality of service indicators for the product and services that are implemented within the frameworks of the corporate projects. To ensure the use of quality checked plans and measure its implementation To identify the required changes in the company, in order to update with the new technologies Vodafone is the first and the only telecommunication company in Greece and the few internationally certified for the development and implementation. The management systems within the framework of an integrated management. According to ISO 9001:2008 standards the Quality Management for the systematic and continuous improvement, development of its activities, and the customer satisfaction. Certificate of Approval (No: 362 212) Quality Management System according Vodafone retailer to ISO 9001:2008 for the companys commitment to offer products and services to customers through its passion for retail chain and in particular, a chain formed by the property and franchise stores. Certificate of Approval (No: 362 212) Environmental Management System under ISO 14001, which aims at the systematic management of the companys activities that affect the environment. Certificate of Approval (No.: 362 212 / D) Health and Safety Management System according to OHSAS 18001 / ELOT 1801, aims to provide a safe working environment and safe for all employees. Certificate of approval (362212) According to ISO 27001 the Information Security Management System , which concerns the security of information security in the enterprise, customers, shareholders and partners. Certificate of Approval (No.: 362 212 / F) According to BS 25999-2:2007, Business Continuity Management System is to ensure continuity of critical business operations and ensuring continuity of essential services to customers in case of unexpected incidents. Certificate of Approval (No.: 362 212 / H LRQA) (Integrated Management System, http://www.vodafone.gr/portal/client/cms/viewCmsPage.action?pageId=1620) 4. Quality Management Assurance at Cadbury Market high quality, excellent value products that consistently meet business requirements and comply with local standards, but continuously improve and exceed the expectations of consumers. It ensures that customers and consumers first become actively listening and understanding their expectations for quality and value points of purchase and consumption. Ensure that the representation of corporate image, including products and brands, meet the recognized standards, strengthen the commitment to quality and to safeguard the reputation of Cadbury. Preserve the right best time before culture, which continues to absorb the food quality and safety, where everyone understands their responsibilities and accountability. Use a quality system is monitored continuously improves processes to provide these policies and standards. Set clear management responsibilities and strengthening the achievement of measurable goals and objectives of quality and food safety. supply chain and business partners work to ensure compliance with quality policies and systems, ensuring quality throughout our supply chain. Place of continuous improvement is critical to performance, which allows us to offer better products and services to consumers and customers. Create a passion for quality, which are the successes and achievements are recognized and celebrated. Re-examine and bring up to date this policy to ensure that it continues to reflect the values and outlook of customers. (Quality and Food Safety Assurance, http://www.cadburyindia.com/cadtoday/qualityfoodsafety.asp) 5. Compare and Contrast Coca cola company has introduced a system named The Coca Cola Management System (TCCMS). This system is introduced in all the stages of the organisational level and also to the bottling agents so that the global standards of the company can be maintained with the bottlers. The company takes care of each of the process the product goes through, from the source water to the bottles used for the packaging for the beverages. Vodafone has adopted a specific framework for the assessing systematically and logically the quality of the services which are provided to the customers. These frameworks are assessed from the concept and planning phase to their delivery of the product to the ultimate customers in the market. These frameworks are set with the service evaluation of the product and technologies up gradation in the industry. Cadbury adopted the quality assurance for the products which are introduced to the customers. Maintain a right first time culture that constantly ensures the quality and food safety, every employee understand the responsibility given to them and they are made accountable for their activity. Quality management system is audited periodically to improve the process to deliver their policy and standards. All the three companies are giving great importance to the total quality management of its products and services. These quality management are considered as the responsibility of the company to its ultimate customers in the market. Different systems and frameworks are followed for the quality management. Whereas some companies have create a program for the quality management and some have just included it in its process. The quality management for each organisation differ based on their activities in the market. The system introduced in coca cola is implemented for all the regions and the bottlers as that they can have a global standard. The service evaluation at Vodafone is done for ensuring that the product and service match with the company policies and market demand. The Cadbury assurance is done with the aim of quality and food safety for the customers. 6. Impact on Innovation, Changes and Competitiveness Coca cola Companys system on quality helps them as a support to introduce new products in the market. The major competition faced by coca cola is from PepsiCo, TCCMS makes the difference between the two companies product and service. This helps the company to follow the market trends among the customers so that they can be up graded with the market trends. Vodafone has the systematic and logical framework for analysing the quality management. With the better quality product introduced in the market the RD of the company will be able to make new innovation to the product and which will be helpful for the company to compete with others in the market. Cadbury follows a quality system which helps them to provide the quality product to the customers. The company has a deal to innovate new product to the market and can be bringing out the efforts to face the competition in the market. 7. Recommendations The companies need to take care of the activities when given to the agents; they should have a proper light of the quality aspect of the product. The periodical checking and testing of the quality system should be made so that the systems can be up graded. The RD of the companies should be given the resources for the research. They should be made available with the equipment required. While innovation of the products are done, they should be marketed in such a way that they are they attracted to the customers. 8. Critical Reflection It was always known that Quality management is important in an organisation but the importance of quality management and its implementation in each and every process of the each activity is understood after making the research for the assignment. While studying the quality philosophy, approaches, systems and its management of each company selected, only then it was noticed that the companies RD division and top management takes a lot of efforts in making the product a success in the market. The product or service from the start of its planning it takes the lot of contribution for the quality in the company. Before making the systems for the quality management, the company need to make the market research for the product and service quality. They have to make note of the each and every process in the manufacturing and distribution of the product to the market. The employees have to quality check the product in every single step to ensure the quality. The resources required for the product to be made are to be checked and tested from its initial stages. Quality management is an important aspect in an organisation which the employees have to follow while manufacturing the product and services. The employee which are given responsible for the activities in the organisation, are made responsible for the corrective measures, this way it is easy for the employees to understand the mistakes made in the first process. It helps them to understand the actions required to follow while doing the activities. In every organisation, quality system should be given equal importance because the products are ultimately made for the customers in the market and they are the one to who would the critical viewer of the products in the market. The quality system should be checked and updated continuously so that the organisation should be left behind in the market. The quality in the product should be ensured before it goes to the market to the customer. Being a manager, I will be making the quality check conducted at every step to ensure that the products are safety and fine to be used in the market. This may increase the time in each process but can ensure a good product to the customers. Being a customer of several products, I will definitely prefer the products which are good in quality and will ensure the quality before use. Therefore any customer will think the same way. The quality of the product contributes to the organisation success with effective and efficient use of the resources in the organisation for the products. The organisation are never ready to compromise on the quality of the product since the quality creates an image of the product and ultimately the image of the organisation in the market.

1984-George Orwell How Does the Writer Use Language to Create a Sense of Place?

1984-George Orwell How does the writer use language to create a sense of place? Orwell uses a solemn tone for the foundations of anguish in the extract from Nineteen Eighty-Four. This tone is used to firstly set the scene with the use of adjectives: ‘vile’ and gritty’ to describe the poor weather. These have negative connotations and therefore allow the reader to understand the melancholy and depressing scene that is being set. The effect of the pathetic fallacy when the wind is described as ‘vile’ portrays a comfortlessness of the world around Winston but also reflects his underlying feelings of disgust with it.The irony of the name of his apartment block ‘Victory Mansions’ reiterates these feelings as ‘Victory’ implies happiness and joy when all he experiences is harshness, and ‘Luxury’ implies ease and wealth when he leads a life of dilapidation and squalor. As the description continues into the hallway of his apartment block, the sense of place is addressed by the poster on the wall. It is explained as being ‘too large for indoor display’ and depicting ‘simply an enormous face’.The size of the poster, emphasised by the adjectives: ‘large’ and ‘enormous’ illustrate the true reason for the poster; primarily for control. This shows the sense of state power and oppression of the individual in Winston’s world. This sense of control is emphasised again later in extract when we discover the caption under the poster reads: ‘BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU’. The direct object pronoun ‘you’ personalises the poster to the immediate viewer and therefore along with the presentation of the words being in capitals makes it more effective.Overall the poster therefore shows the hostility of the place where Winston is and their lack of freedom. Orwell gives a realistic portrayal of Winston as he ascends up the stairs to his flat. The ‘varicose ulcer above his right ankle’ could be seen as a manifestation for his repression, and suffering through a life of adversity and turmoil. This is emphasised by the fact that he had to rest ‘several times’, which is very unusual for a man as young as ‘thirty nine’ . This portrays an image of an overworked miserable and lonely man inhabiting a tortured existence. William May

An Examination of Pricing Strategy the Lego Group, Ltd

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Nursing Shortage - 3156 Words

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