The Theory Of Social Disorganization - 893 Words

In 1942, the theory of social disorganization was developed by two criminology researchers by the name of Clifford Shaw and Henry D. McKay. Social disorganization theory focuses on a person physical and social environments are what causes their behavioral choices. This means that if a person is placed in a neighborhood where there is a high crime rate, or the neighborhood is not dynamic, this can cause them to participate in such crimes, or make the wrong behavioral choices within the youth. In the rural poor communities with high crime rate, children who are not supervised or are not giving rules, are likely to participate in juvenile crimes. Merton’s anomie theory can best be explained as a strain that is placed on someone when they culturally pressured by society. For example many people desire to achieve the American Dream, which to live a wealthy lifestyle, or have a certain amount of income. When a person cannot achieve those goals, they become mentally strained, which leads to participating in such behaviors so they can achieve the feeling of their goals. In juxtaposition to Mertons anomie theory, Robert Agnew general strain theory identifies that a person who has been through struggles are more likely to experience behavioral problems. Agnew’s general strain theory is based on the general idea that when people are treated badly they may get upset and engage in crime. These behavioral acts may be caused by certain factors that consist of, parental influences orShow MoreRelatedSocial Disorganization Theory 922 Words   |  4 Pages Social disorganization theory is a perspective on crime and deviance that examines the community and how it influences crime. Overtime there have been several school shootings and other crime on college campuses throughout the US. People have been left wondering how such crimes can happen in an educational community. Barton, Jensen, and Kaufman break down the variables that go into a college community such as Greek life, race, and age in their article â€Å"Social Disorganization Theory and The CollegeRead MoreThe Theory of Social Disorganization701 Words   |  3 PagesSocial Disorganization Summary paper Social disorganization refers to the failure of group members to collaborate and accomplish objectives or tackle issues. Social disorganization normally alludes to a group or society described by the absence of social control. This brings about an absence of an effective functioning integration between personal maladjustment, conflicting social attitudes, and conflicting interests among group members (Goode, 2008). Criminologists and social researchers focusRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Disorganization Theory908 Words   |  4 Pages Among the different explanations proposed, there is a predominant theory: the theory of social disorganization. As described by Dr. Rengifo (2009), the social disorganization theory, forwarded by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay (1942), suggests that the variation in crime rates is linked to the weakened social integration of neighbourhoods which is a result of the presence of delinquent subcultures and structural factors on social interactions that lead to the absence of self-regulatory mechanismsRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Disorganization Theory Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesneighborhood. Although various theories can be used in order to explain the link between poverty and crime, the one that best fits would be social disorganization theory. Social disorganization theory is a theory, which emphasizes environmental impacts of living in neighborhoods that are high in crime and also stresses that this is the reason that criminal activity increases (Tibbetts Hemmens, 2015). The Chicago school theory is otherwise known as the theory of social disorganization as well. Chicago wasRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Disorganization Theory980 Words   |  4 Pagescomprehensive paragraphs on how social disorganization theory can inform your understanding of behavior and place, and one weakness which would find your understanding somehow lacking, and why. Then write two equally compelling paragraphs on how routine activities theory would foster your understanding, and one weakness which might leave your understanding lacking, and why. Frank Schmalleger explains the theory of social disorganization as one that depicts both social change as well as conflict, andRead MoreThe Social Disorganization Theory Is An Intriguing Theory976 Words   |  4 PagesThe Social Disorganization theory is an intriguing theory that can be seen in our society today. This theory states that â€Å"disorganized communities cause crime because informal social controls break down and criminal cultures emerge† (Cullen 6). The city of Chicago was the predominate focus upon the construction of this theory. The reasoning for this was because Chicago was the fastest growing population in the 19th century, a population starting at 5,000 in 1800 and growing to 2 million in 1900,Read MoreEssay on Social Disorganization Theory2441 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY† Written by Andrew Lien amp; Henry Nunnery J201 Section: 23607 Theoretical Foundations of Criminal Justice Policies Tuesdays, 06:00P-08:40P Instructor: Mark T. Berg, Ph.D. The main assumption of Social Disorganization Theory is the ability to explain why crime committed by lower class communities is more prominent than neighborhoods from communities in better economic areas. This theory is the relationship of the destabilization of urban communities andRead MoreSocial Disorganization Theory And Crime998 Words   |  4 PagesStarz’ â€Å"Power , Social Disorganization Theory and Crime Introduction: In the television show â€Å"Power†, organized crime is the most prevalent form of crime displayed. Organized crime can be defined as a methodically unlawful activity for profit on a city-wide. interstate and worldwide scale. The act of engaging in criminal activity as a structured assembly is called racketeering in the United States. The premise of this project is to research social disorganization theory as it pertains to the televisionRead MoreThe Social Disorganization Theory Of Crime1141 Words   |  5 Pages One of the most important and well-studied criminological theories intended to explain and predict crime rates is social disorganization theory (Sampson 2012). The social disorganization theory of crime was originally articulated by Shaw and McKay (1942) to explain differences in neighborhood crime rates among juvenile delinquents in concentric zones in the Chicago metropolitan area. They found that some areas had consistently high crime rates and juvenile arrests over time despite population changesRead MoreCommunity And Social Disorganization Theory1858 Words   |  8 PagesCommunity and Social Disorganization In the early part of the twentieth century, some social observers criticize that â€Å"while criminal anthropologists Lombroso and Hooton focused their attention on discerning whether criminals had larger foreheads or more tattoos than non criminals, they ignored the larger changes in society that were occurring around then† (Cullen, 97). In other words, these social observers indicate that the traditional criminology, such as the biological theory, is established

A Brief History of Courtship and Dating in America Free Essays

A Brief History of Courtship and Dating in America, Part 1 [pic]by The Rev’d Skip Burzumato [pic] Whenever possible, I love to use the word â€Å"courtship† in everyday conversation with young and old alike. It’s one of those words with which most people are familiar, but have vastly differing opinions of what it means. For many, courtship is an old-fashioned word. We will write a custom essay sample on A Brief History of Courtship and Dating in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now It summons visions of men wooing women with small tokens of affection and asking their hand in marriage on bended knee. For social scientists, studies of courtship usually look at the process of â€Å"mate selection. (Social scientists, among whom I number myself from time to time, will never be accused of being romantics. ) For the purpose of this article the preparation for and proposal of marriage is what makes the act qualify as courtship. As cultural historians Alan Carlson and Beth Bailey put it in the Mars Hill Audio Report, Wandering Toward the Altar: The Decline of American Courtship, prior to the early 20th century, courtship involved one man and one woman spending intentional time together in order to get to know each other with the expressed purpose of evaluating the other as a potential husband or wife. The man and the woman usually were members of the same community, and the courting usually was done in the woman’s home in the presence (and under the watchful eye) of her family, most often Mom and brothers. However, between the late 1800s and the first few decades of the 1900s the new system of â€Å"dating† added new stages to courtship. One of the most obvious changes was that it multiplied the number of partners (from serious to casual) an individual was likely to have before marriage. So, one important point to understand right up front (and about which many inside and outside the church are confused) is that we have not moved from a courtship system to a dating system, but instead, we have added a dating system into our courtship system. Since most young adults will marry, the process employed in finding a husband and wife is still considered courtship. However, an extra layer, what we call â€Å"dating,† has been added to the process of courting. If you are familiar with computer programming terminology, you can liken dating to a sub-routine that has been added to the system of courtship. Over the course of this two-part article, I would like to trace how this change occurred, especially concentrating on the origin of this dating â€Å"subroutine. † Let me begin by briefly suggesting four cultural forces that assisted in moving mate selection from, as Alan Carlson puts it, the more predictable cultural script that existed for several centuries, to the multi-layered system and (I think most would agree) the more ambiguous courtship system that includes â€Å"the date. The first, and probably most important change we find in courtship practices in the West occurred in the early 20th century when courtship moved from public acts conducted in private spaces (for instance, the family porch or parlor) to private or individual acts conducted in public spaces, located primarily in the entertainment world, as Beth Bailey argues in her book, From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth Century America. Bailey observes that by the 1930s and 40s, with the advent of the â€Å"date† (which we will look at more fully in the next installment) courtship increasingly took place in public spaces such as movie theaters and dance halls, removed by distance and by anonymity from the sheltering and controlling contexts of the home and local community. Keeping company in the family parlor was replaced by dining and dancing, movies, and â€Å"parking. † A second cultural force that influenced the older courtship system was the rise of â€Å"public advice† literature as well as the rise of an â€Å"expert† class of advisers — psychologists, sociologists, statisticians, etc. At the same time that the public entertainment culture was on the rise in the early 20th century, a proliferation of magazine articles and books began offering advice about courtship, marriage, and the relationship between the sexes. As Ken Myers says in Wandering Toward the Altar, from the late 1930s on, young people knew, down to the percentage point, what their peers throughout the country thought and did. They knew what was â€Å"normal. † Prior to the 20th century, â€Å"normal† was determined within families and local communities, but now a â€Å"higher authority,† with wide-spread circulation and readership, began to form a national consciousness. Thirdly, we see a change in sexual norms in the West. With the onset of the sexual revolution the question arose, â€Å"Why would a man court and woo a woman when he could gain a chief benefit of marriage, namely sexual gratification, for free with no commitment? † (Friendship â€Å"with benefits† is a contemporary example. ) Closely related to this is the invention of birth control. There is too much that could be said here, so I’ll be brief. Simply put, with the onset of the idespread use of chemical and other means of birth control, the language of procreation — of having children — was separated from the language of marriage. As U. of Chicago ethicist Leon Kass argues in his chapter on courtship in Building a Healthy Culture: Strategies for an American Renaissance, under the old system of courtship, marriage and bringing a child into the world were inextricably linked. But no longer. With the ever decreasing risk of pregnancy, having sex and bei ng married were no longer tied together. Fourthly, we find a change in the models and metaphors used to describe the home and family. Prior to the 20th century, when we talked about courtship we used language and metaphors of home and family: â€Å"He’d be a good father,† â€Å"They could have such a happy home together,† etc. The new system of courtship that played itself out in the entertainment culture and public square largely was understood and described by the advice and â€Å"expert† class with metaphors taken from modern industrial capitalism. It’s as if those who wrote and commented on male-female relationship had stopped reading the Song of Solomon and Jane Austen in favor of Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and John Maynard Keynes. The new courtship system gave importance to competition (and worried about how to control it); it valued consumption; it presented an economic model of scarcity and abundance of men and women as a guide to personal affairs — There aren’t that many good men left, so you better get one while the gettin’ is good! This new language of courtship had great symbolic importance and continues to shape the way we think, speak and act concerning relationships to this day. Have you ever known a girl who went out with a guy who was a complete dolt but who could help her get ahead socially? (And not to pick on women, it just as easily happens in reverse. Those decisions are based more on economic theory of the 19th and 20th centuries than on any sort of biblical notion of desire for the opposite sex. So, these are four important cultural forces in the early part of the 20th century that assisted in moving our culture from the older courtship system that existed prior to the la te 19th century, to a courtship system that includes â€Å"dating,† which, I will argue in the next article, is much more ambiguous and confusing. I will also talk about dating itself (including the origination of the word â€Å"date†), and how it has changed over time. ttp://www. boundless. org/2005/articles/a0001456. cfm Filipino Custom and Tradition: Courtship Although they have dated for a while here in the United States, my brother in law has to continue to court not only his fiancee but her family as well. Courtship is one that is still being practiced among the strictest of the Filipino families. This is performed by the male (who is the suitor since it is wrong to do it the opposite way) visiting the home of the female. In the olden days, courtship doesn’t start until the male suitor had obtained permission from the parents. This was done with the male suitor being accompanied by another respectable elder and approaching either the father or the mother of the female and obtaining permissions days in advanced to visit at a particular day and time. Nowadays this form of getting the parent’s permission is still being practiced in the provinces, however, due to western influences, there are some variations more adaptable to the modern times. One alternative is to make a phone call, asking for the parents’ or guardian’s permission through an elder to schedule a visit. Another way is for the suitor to approach the parents in a public place, and informally asking for permission to visit. Either way, it is to show proper respect to ask for permission prior to the formal visit. Properly greeting the parents by placing the back of the right hand of the parents to the suitor’s forehead is practiced to show respect. This is called pagmamano in Tagalog. When the permission has been granted, the suitor whether accompanied by a friend or an elder will visit the girl’s home and offers gifts. Gift bags or boxes of goodies or Filipino snacks purchased from a local store and flowers are generally given. The snacks or other goods are offered to the family of the girl then the flowers and special sweets (like chocolate or candies) are given to the girl. In a strict Filipino home, during courtship, the parents are present during the first visit. This is the opportunity to get to know each other. This is sometimes called courting the parents first and winning their hearts and approval then letting the boy or suitor court the girl. Subsequent visits are then scheduled if all went well during the first visit nd, depending on how long the courtship will last, the answer is given by the girl with the parents’ knowledge as well. Since my brother in law and his fiancee have already dated and gone through a bit of courtship here in the United States, what he would do in his visit is to court or meet her family. He brought some pasalubong (gifts) from America which he will give to each family member. Other culture may call this as dowry but in the Filipino culture it is just plain gift-giving. No suitor should go to a girl’s home without bearing gifts at least during the first visit. Then he will be introduced formally to her mother since her dad had passed away and also meet her younger siblings. His fiancee and her family would prepare a special meal and he will partake in them whole-heartedly. http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/397501/filipino_customs_and_traditions_courtship. html The Filipino way of courtship is probably among the most romantic in the world. TRADITION Courting under Filipino tradition gives very big importance on the value of respecting the woman and her family and strictly adhering with proper rules set by society for pursuing a lady. This practice which dates back to the Spanish times prohibits men to be very aggressive or becoming even when they want the lady very much. One cannot just talk and approach a lady in the street and ask her number or address. If a young man sees a lady he likes he should seek out the help of a go-between, usually a common friend of both family, to ask the permission of the girls father whether he can visit them in their house. This is the gentlemanly thing to do so the parents will most likely approve unless of course the lady is just a child. When the approval is obtained, the suitor can then come to the house with the go-between who will initiate the introductions to the family. The parents in turn will introduce their daughter to the gentleman. In this stage, the suitor is expected to bring â€Å"pasalubong† or gifts to the family and a special one to the girl he likes. This he will have to do everytime he visits the girl’s house. In the Philippines, when you court a lady, you have to court her whole family as well. In this first visit, the couple will not be left alone on their own to get to know each other. It will just be an informal chatting and introduction and getting-to-know stage between the suitor and the family and making clear of the suitor’s intention to pursue the host’s daughter. After the initial visit, the suitor is then expected to woo  the girl by showing up in her house more often and establish rapport with the her family. This is the stage where he does the â€Å"paninilbihan† or servitude. He serves the girls family in any way that he can to show to them and to the girl of his sincere intentions and love for her, be it by chopping firewood, fetching water from the well, etc. It is a way of saying â€Å"I will do anything to prove my love for you†. At night, he will sing â€Å"harana† or love songs outside the girls house by the window with a guitar and his friends serving as back ups. They will sing and wait until the lady finally opens the window and invites them into the house. They will then be served with light snacks and they can talk in the presence of the girls parents and the man’s friends. Note that in most times, the couple will be with either friends or families. It is considered inappropriate to leave an unmarried couple unsupervised in those times no matter what their ages are. The process of courting a Filipina in the traditional sense is a long and arduous process. It is expected that a Filipina will play hard-to-get when court because that is the norm. No matter how much she likes the man, she has to show utmost restraint and disinterest. Girls are made to believe that men will value them more if they are made to work hard before letting them have what they want. So after a long period of paninilbihan and a series of haranas, the girl can finally accept the suitor’s love. At this stage, the couple can now start dating in public but always in the company of a chaperon. The man will still continue to come to the house and help out. When the time comes when he feels he is ready to get married, he and his parent’s will have to come to the girl’s house and the parents of the boy will have to formally ask the hand of the hand of the girl in marriage to their son. This stage is called â€Å"Pamamanhikan† or â€Å"Paghingi ng Kamay†. In doing this, they will have to bring with them, lots of food and presents as well as the dowry that they can present to the girls parents. In the Philippines, dowry is given by the boy’s family, not by the girl’s family. This is because we give high value to the women in our society and giving them away is not easy. When the two families have come to an agreement as to the dowry, the wedding date is set, a ring is presented to the girl and the couple is said to be betrothed. A small feast is then held with the food brought by the boy’s family. MODERN Although a lot of our traditional wedding practice is still being observed these days there are modifications and â€Å"evolutions† that has been introduced to it that gives it a more modern version. Modern Filipino courtship revolves more on the liberalism of Filipino youth. If Filipinos of opposite sex were not allowed to mingle in public in the old days, these days that is already possible. These has allowed courtship to be a little more lenient on youngsters. You can now meet a girl you like through a common friend or on a party but never on a street as the same is still regarded as inappropriate. Most parents would still want their children to be courted inside the house though some modern and liberal-minded Filipinas don’t do this anymore and prefers to meet up somewhere else instead, a clear disregard of tradition and parental respect. Modern courtship does not really have a pattern. It could start from a group date where friends would pair friends up and tease them. Friends could play cupid and set a couple up and leave them on their own to talk then before you know it they are going out on a date. With the influence of western television, modern courtship these days are going fast although it doesn’t necessarily have the emotional baggage attached with immediately going to bed. It would take a lot longer time for Filipinos to trust each other to get to that point. It stems on the virtues rooted from the olden days. Modern Filipina ladies are also decisive on their choices. Those who do not really want their suitors would not hesitate on letting them know of this fact. A refused suitor is called â€Å"basted†. These modern Filipinas are only a tip of the iceberg as most Filipinas especially the ones in the province still adheres to the traditional way of courtship. Most families still observes the rituals connected to panliligaw, pamamanhikan or paghingi ng kamay, dowry etc. Gone were the days of paninilbihan and haranas. These days, it is enough that a man shows up in a lady’s house and bonds with the woman’s family. He is not expected to chop wood or fetch water but at least show the girl’s family that he is worthy enough of her love. It is important though to note whether it be traditional or modern, to show your sincere intention of courting by introducing yourself to the family and impressing the girls family in any way that you can. ONLINE We know how hard it is to try and court a Filipina online, believe use, we’ve been there. Here are some helpful tips to go through with it: 1. Try to be as gentleman as possible. A Filipino male sets his best foot forward in courting a girl. That’s how the game is played. 2. Keep communication lines open. Filipinas love to talk on email, on skype, etc. They just want to feel and hear you love them all the time. This is their way of bridging the distance. Filipinas have a lot of insecurities, if you forget to call them they will immediately feel bad or suspicious you’re up to something. That’s true to most Pinays. Constant communication helps. 3. Filipinas love surprises 4. Make good all of your promises. When you say you are coming on a certain date make sure you come on that date. Sincerity to Filipinos is measured not by saying what is right but by doing what is right. http://www. western-asian. com/index. php/archives/30 How to cite A Brief History of Courtship and Dating in America, Papers

Surgical Site Infections Prevention Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Surgical Site Infections Prevention. Answer: Introduction The current assignment focuses on the concept of surgical site infections (SSIs) and its prevention and control measures in a medical ward of a hospital. There has been a drastic increase in the number of infections which had taken place after surgery in a surgical ward of a specific hospital as reported by the nursing unit manager. The surgical site infections are one of the major causes of morbidity worldwide. The study here takes into consideration the origin, causes and preventive measures for the control of surgical site infections. The SSIs have been seen to claim a number of lives apart from resulting in longer hospital stays. Additionally, higher amount of expenditures are generated attributed to the specialised care and services. The assignment also takes into consideration a number of steps such as the origin and the causes of the SSIs outbreak. The types of the SSIs have been grouped based on its symptoms and site of expressions. Therefore, a number of parameters such as the Who checklist needs to be established which helps in maintaining the safety requirements of the surgery. Origin and causes of SSIs outbreak Surgical site infections are a major source of post-operative illness and is the second most common form of health associated infections within the context of a hospital. The surgical site infections may originate from a gaps or loopholes which may arise out of mere carelessness during the process of undertaking a surgery (Uppal et al. 2013). As mentioned by Anderson et al. (2014), the immunity and the clinical condition possessed by the patient further dictates the risk of contracting a surgical site infection by the patient. For instance, in the context of diabetes mellitus the immune system of the person is affected resulting in poor wound healing. Additionally, poor glycemic control associated with diabetes mellitus leads to increased risk of SSI (Chiang et al. 2014). The SSIs may be differentiated based upon the place of occurrence of the SSIs such as superficial incisional surgical sire infection, deep incision surgical site infection, organ-space surgical site infection etc. Types of SSI Superficial incisional SSI The incisional superficial surgical site infection may be defined as the one which occurs at the site of incision within 30 days of surgery. As mentioned by Namba et al. (2013), the superficial SSI affects the skin and/or subcutaneous tissue where an incision had taken place. The symptoms exhibited may consist of continuous drainage from the site of infection (Waits et al. 2013). The superficial SSIs are limited to the surface of the skin only and are not deep rooted. Therefore, the healing process occurs more speedily reducing the recuperation time along with the additional charges of hospitalization. Deep incisional SSI The SSI occurring after 30 days of surgery if no implant had been left in the place, or surgical infections occurring within a year of surgery, when an implantation has been made is known as deep incisional SSI (Schweizer et al. 2015). This particularly affects the soft and deep tissues of the body and takes an incessant amount of time in healing. The wound redressal often takes a longer amount of time along with constant monitoring by the physician in required in the process. Organ-space SSI The organ spaces SSI are known to occur within 30 days of surgery generally with or without an implant. The infection may originate at any other site of the specific organ other than the site of the infection. The management of the condition requires high doses of antibiotics to be provided the patient as the wound is deep rooted. The organ spaces SSI are often associated with a number of contradictions such as huge number of precautionary measures which needs to be implemented for reducing infections (Korol et al. 2013). As commented by Uckay et al. (2013), failure in the implementation of the precautionary measures can result in the occurrences of severe disruptions within the clinical procedure. However, the risk factors of triggering of autoimmune disorders are present in the organ transplant, which calls for stricter measures to be followed (Owens et al. 2014). Investigating the origin and the cause of the infection The occurrence of the SSI is directly linked to the type of surgery performed and the natural micro biota of the organ where the incision has been made. Most commonly the infections are caused by gram positive coccus bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis (Chen et al. 2013). They mostly affect the skin of the patient and results in superficial infection. On the other hand, gram negative bacteria Enterococcus feacalis and Escherichia Coli affect the GI tract of the patients after surgery. There might be a number of risk factors which further increases the chances of surgical site infections manifold time such as the present health status of the patient, the surrounding physical environment and the clinical interventions. The risk of SSI is measures as a product of contamination and virulence divided by the host resistance (Xing et al. 2013). In this context, the exact details regarding the nature and the severity of the infection were collected from the patients. A microbial analysis was done were skin surface lesions were collected from the patients of the ward. On further microbial analysis, the presence of superficial infections caused by staphylococcus aurreus was revealed. Therefore, further investigation was carried on which revealed the use of contaminated surgical instruments within the local ward. Therefore, a number of control measures could be implemented over here including sterilizing and cleaning the ward apart from isolation of the ward. Control measures A number of preventive or control measures can be undertaken for the prevention of surgical site infections. Reports and estimates have suggested that 11% of the patients who undergo surgery get infected in the process. As per estimates in the United States alone the occurrences of the SSIs results in additional 10 billion dollars every day. In 2008, World Health Organization (WHO) initiated the Safe surgery, Save lives initiatives to safeguard the life of the patients undergoing surgery (who, 2017). As commented by Edmiston et al. (2013), the purpose for the launching of such as program was to spread awareness regrading safety measures to be undertaken during the conduct of serious operations. The Who guidelines are binding upon the hospitals and the emergency care wards, which helps in ensuring that risk situations are avoided(Mackenzie et al. 2013). Some of the precautionary measures which could be taken over here are implementation of evidence based tools for the control of surgical site infections. As commented by Jenks et al. (2014), the evidence based tools helps in accurate implementation of safety measures within acute hospitals settings. In this respect, a modified grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) strategy could be implemented within the current hospital scenario to reduce the rates of surgical site infections due to false methods or procedures. Some of the precautionary measures, which could be implemented over are here bathing the patient with antimicrobial or antiseptic agent before the day of surgery. The antimicrobial prophylaxis should be administered based upon clinical guidelines only. As asserted by Anderson et al. (2014), the timing should be noted so that the concentration of the bacteria is maximum in the blood or serum when the inclusion in made. This helps in establishment of the bactericidal effects controlling the rate of growth of the population. During the surgery glycemic control needs to be implemented using blood target levels less than 200 mg/dl (Tanner et al. 2015). As mentioned by normothermy needs to be maintain in the patients along with increased fraction of inspired oxygen should be maintained in the patient during the surgery. Classification of recommendation categories The recommended categories of the GRADE administrative tool could be divided into four different types such as Type 1A, 1B, 1C and II. The types could be further discussed as follows: Type 1A- This consists of a strong recommendation supported by high to moderate clinical evidences suggesting net harm or benefits to the patients. This helps in maintaining sufficient transparency within the policy framework and the procedure guidelines. Type 1B-This comprises of low quality evidence suggesting net harm or benefits of the clinical practise. This mainly consists of basic methods implemented for the prevention of microbial infection during and after the post operative surgeries and consists of aseptic techniques. Type 1C- The type c could be defined as a strong recommendation implemented by the state or federation. This mainly consists of evidence based procedures supported by data and clinical trials for the prevention of surgical site infections. Type II- This consist of weak recommendation supported by quality based evidence suggesting trade off between clinical benefits and harms. No recommendations- An issue with low to very low quality recommendations suggesting uncertain tradeoffs between the benefits and harms of implementation of practices. Contradictions of implementing the measures There are a number of contradictions are faced for the implementation of the surgical practices. The contradictions mainly arise due to lack of clarity regrading the guidelines for the effective implementation of safe surgical methods. Additionally, some of the factors such as sufficient amount of support from senior administration regarding the implementation of safe surgical practices, lack of surgical buy ins can result in serious contradictions. Moreover, presence of some other forms of sicknesses such as diabetes can result in delaying the wound healing process. As commented by Schweizer et al. (2014), the presences of diabetes have often been linked with some other co-morbid conditions such as chronic Kidney disease (CKD). The CKD could be measured by estimating the amount of creatinine present in the blood of an individual. The presence of excess amount of creatinine have been related to severe physiological implications such as development of leg amputations in individuals and reported delay in the healing of wounds, along with additional discharge.WHO has suggested the use of checklist for evaluating the safety parameters during and after the post operative surgeries. However, as argued by Martin et al. (2016), the implementation of each and every safety parameter in the checklist often requires a lot of time. This could further delay in the immediate redressla and time of surgery. Conclusion The current assignment focuses on the concept of surgical site infections and the effects of the same on the health of the patient. The surgical site infection is of three main types depending upon the severity and the types of the infection. The SSIs have been claiming more life than often and are associated with larger number of casualties within the acute hospital setting. The surgical site infections have been increasing at an alarming rate within the health care. The SSIs often results in longer duration of hospital stays along with additional costs to be mitigated in medicines. The SSIs had been further discussed based upon its categories such as the deep incision SSI, superficial SSI and organ transplant SSI. For the control and the mitigation of the same the WHO had provided a number of checklist and precautionary measures which needs to ne implemented strictly within the hospital set up. The checklist helps in measuring each and every underlying parameter, which helps in reducing the gaps and the errors in the services. Additional sufficient amount of support from the supervisors can help in reducing the chances of such major incidents. Some of the major steps which needs to be taken in this regrade are use of sterilized surgical instruments along with sufficiently trained professionals helps in reducing the chances of such accidents. 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