Scaling Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Scaling Study - Essay Example In like manner, individual space is obvious in a wide scope of circumstances †even in packed conditions where in the physical space is restricted. A case of such circumstance occurs in trains which are constantly stuffed with travelers. For this situation, individuals take part in specific practices so as to keep up their own space given the absence of physical space. In addition, however it's anything but a physical idea, it is conceivable to quantitatively gauge individual space using a dimensional scale. While trying to do as such, a poll, as a verbal recurrence scale, was built up that contain ten things, depicting distinctive dividing practices that individuals participate in. So as to be increasingly explicit, these practices were restricted to those normally showed in the train †being a typical setting for individual space examines. For every thing, five reaction alternatives were given which are coded from 1 to 5 †the most elevated score comparing to â€Å"Alw ays† and the least to â€Å"Never†. Nonetheless, there are two unique kinds of things made †adversely and decidedly expressed articulations, separately †with the end goal that coding of reactions was turned around for those things which are contrarily expressed. The complete scores for all the things would be included and the normal would be registered. Given this scoring, the variable, individual space, can be operationally characterized as how much people take part in various practices so as to forestall relational relations. The supposition that will be that people who keep an enormous individual space are probably going to connect with to various separating practices; thus, a high score in the test involves a huge individual space. Legitimacy Measures In request to ensure that that the survey would quantify what it should gauge, two kinds of legitimacy were built up before the organization of the polls. In the first place, the substance legitimacy of the p oll was set up by making things that were completely founded on perceptions made by past specialists in their investigations of individual dispersing practices in the train. Thusly, past perceptions found in distributed diaries were converted into individual articulations that establish the things secured. Second, while it's anything but a decent sign of convenience, the face legitimacy of the survey was kept up so as to seem satisfactory and applicable to the respondents. The inquiries were worded in a straightforward way to encourage better understanding. Likewise, the survey was organized to the accommodation of the respondents to such an extent that they would just need to surround their reaction for every thing. In the wake of setting up substance and face validities, the polls were then regulated to ten respondents who can without much of a stretch be reached by the scientist whenever. So as to guarantee that the respondents can identify with the inquiries secured, just ordina ry train travelers were picked to take an interest in the investigation. Thusly, similar surveys were again controlled to similar respondents following a time of multi week so as to affirm the soundness of results. All reactions were coded and inputted in factual programming for investigation. In view of the outcomes, the respondents scored high in the variable that was estimated. This implies individuals do take part in specific exercises and practices that would secure their own space. These discoveries affirm the built up hypotheses and desires on the said theme. All things considered, it very well may be derived that the inquiry

Observation and Child Free Essays

Date of Observation: 26th January 2012 Time began and completed of perception 09. 40-10. 00 Number of kids present: 16 Number of grown-ups present: Two childcare laborer two understudies (Including me the onlooker) Permission acquired from: Supervisor Description of setting: This perception occurred in a pre-school in a town in the midlands. We will compose a custom paper test on Perception and Child or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now It occurred in a morning meeting in the pre â€school class. It provides food for a long time and a half year to class going age. The pre-school is open from 9. 30 am†12. 30pm Monday to Friday and cooks for 18 youngsters. It is one enormous room all female staff. Quick setting: The perception occurred in the enormous play room. This is a huge vaporous live with a lot of bright toys. The room can suit a sum of 18 kids and there are 15 present today. Brief portrayal of the kid watched: TC is a female multi year and multi month old. TC four years of age sister goes to the pre-school. TC mother runs the pre-school. TC has earthy colored hair. TC father works all day. TC lives with the two guardians, TC is sitting at a table for the greater part of this perception playing with a van, digger and a truck. Point of perception: The point of this perception is to watch a TC for a time of 20 minutes so as to see TC enthusiastic advancement in the free stream play of a youngster 3 years and three months. I would trust over the 20 minutes that the youngster has enthusiastic create. My own focus on this perception is to figure out how they are done and enhance my perception aptitudes and to improve as a spectator. Technique: Narrative Media utilized: Pen and paper Evaluation: The point of the perception is to watch the physical advancement of a kid that is 3 years and one month. Individual learning: The perception strategy functioned admirably for the physical turn of events, particular when she was playing at the table. Perception. The account technique was a decent to use to watch the kid developments . The story strategy prepared me to watch the youngster and to hear them out to get the kid physical turns of events. The story technique gives a great deal of data about the kid. I don’t think the pre-school impact the kid to create. Proposal: perceptions are significant as they can get on any troubles the kid might be having regardless of how little it could be. I watched the kid all around and saw in doing her playing expressed on my account perception. If I somehow managed to pick game utilizing squares with the goal that a youngster would have the option to develop them. This would show a kid fine engine abilities. This was my first perception to do and it went quite well and I am content with it. For the following perception I will be progressively arranged, and I know when the best time is to do a perception. Book index: Flood E (2010) youngster advancement for understudies in Ireland. Dublin: Gill Macmillan The most effective method to refer to Observation and Child, Essays

Understanding the Binge-Purge Cycle in Bulimia

Understanding the Binge-Purge Cycle in Bulimia Eating Disorders Print Dealing With the Binge-Purge Cycle in Bulimia By Susan Cowden, MS facebook linkedin Susan Cowden is a licensed marriage and family therapist and a member of the Academy for Eating Disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Susan Cowden, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 20, 2019 Justin Sullivan / Staff / Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention In This Article Table of Contents Expand Triggering Events Binge-Eating Episode Results of Cycle Purging Episode Follows Calm Period View All Back To Top The binge-purge cycle is a cycle of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions experienced by many people who suffer from the eating disorder  bulimia nervosa. A portion of this cycle may also be experienced by people with binge eating disorder.?? The cycle looks like this: diet-binge-purge-repeat. It typically repeats itself over and over, and if you are suffering from bulimia nervosa, you may feel like its impossible to stop. But understanding this pattern of behavior is one of the best ways to figure out how to stop it and start on the road to  recovery. Triggering Events for Binge-Purge Cycle It is important to recognize that the model above, derived from cognitive-behavioral therapy, shows how a binge cycle is maintained. It does not indicate how the eating disorder first developed. Every binge cycle has an event or series of events that trigger the cycle. These triggers need not have caused the  eating disorder itselfâ€"in many cases, the triggering events or emotions are different every time. But these triggers do start a new cycle of bingeing and purging.?? Many binges stem from food deprivation. Individuals who diet or restrict their eating, even in subtle ways, set themselves up for binge eating. Food is a basic need and when that need is not met, it is normal to intake a larger than normal amount when you do allow yourself to eat again. Many people identify specific emotions as triggers for binges, such as sadness, loneliness, guilt, or feelings of helplessness or hopelessness. These emotions, which so frequently are difficult to handle, may be experienced throughout the course of a day or days. They may be caused by a specific event or series of events, such as an argument with a loved one, criticism at work, or self-criticism. People tend to be more vulnerable to emotional eating when they have been restricting their eating. Regardless of the specific emotion or event, identifying your own triggers is one way to recognize red flags which mean you need to do something different. Binge-Eating Episode Binge eating is defined as eating more in a single setting than most people would. Although this definition is very subjective, binges are much larger than a regular meal and can often contain several thousand calories. Many people describe binges in terms of feeling out of control or not really even knowing how much they are eating. Some people describe the experience as being zoned out as theyre eating â€" they then look down to find empty boxes/containers.?? Binge eating is one of the main behaviors in the binge-purge cycle. It may begin innocently with eating a small portion of food that is typically considered “off-limits.” After eating this portion many people feel guilty and decide to “eat the rest” as they’ve already “blown their diet” and would rather finish the rest of the forbidden food so it won’t be around to tempt them tomorrow. Challenging Forbidden Foods Alternatively, a binge can begin with eating comfort foods to soothe the negative emotions related to an upsetting event and then continue into a full binge. It can also be your bodys way of getting nourishment when you havent been eating enough food. Physical and Emotional Results of Cycle After a binge, most people feel uncomfortable, or even painfully, full. This feeling goes beyond the fullness you experience after, say, a major holiday meal with family and friends. Its simply the result of eating so much. Along with these physical pains comes emotional pain, possibly including feelings of embarrassment, shame, guilt, disgust and/or self-criticism. These emotions typically lead to the purge part of the cycle.?? Purging Episode Often Follows Quickly For many sufferers, the time span between binging and purging is very short. Purging becomes a way to relieve oneself of the negative feelings (physical and emotional) of the binge. 6 Steps to Stopping a Cycle of Binging and Purging Most people think of purging as self-induced vomiting, but it can also include  laxative  and/or diuretic use. Sometimes people use other behaviors, such as exercise, to compensate for the additional calories consumed in a binge.?? Some people will have one binge and purge episode and then go into a period of calm. Others may binge and purge multiple times before stopping. Calm Period Before Cycle Restarts After a binge and purge episode, there may be a period of calm. At this point, a person may resolve to never binge or purge again. He or she may even decide to begin restricting his or her food intake. Unfortunately, this will simply lead to binge eating again.?? There are also people who acknowledge that they will likely binge and purge again. They feel hopeless to stop the cycle. A Word From Verywell If you are experiencing bingeing and purging, the first thing is to know that recovery is possible. You may be able to apply some strategies on your own. Keep food records to understand your own patterns. Learn some strategies for breaking the cycle. Finally, seek help from a qualified professional. How to Challenge All-or-nothing Thinking

Frankenstein by Mary Shelley - 640 Words

â€Å"During my first experiment, a kind of enthusiastic frenzy had blinded me to the horror of my employment; my mind was intently fixed on the consummation of my labour, and my eyes were shut to the horror of my proceedings. But now I went to it in cold blood, and my heart often sickened at the work of my hands.† (Shelley, 178) The Romantic Movement began in the 1970’s and ended in the 1850’s. One of the key ideas shared by Romantics was that a literal and metaphorical return to nature was necessary. They believed that the individual was the most important part of society. Romantics rejected the Scientific and Industrial Revolution. They believed that cities prevented individuals from discovering the sublime. Mary Shelley’s Romantic and Gothic novel, Frankenstein, opens with a series of letters from Robert Walton, an explorer, to his sister. Throughout these letters, Victor Frankenstein’s story is told. He was born into a wealthy family, and studi es at a well-known school, where he develops an interest in biology. Eventually, Frankenstein is able to bring corpse back to life. He is horrified by his creation and abandons the monster. The monster eventually kills everyone that Frankenstein loves and in doing so, he also indirectly kills Victor. The monster then feels guilty and kills himself. Frankenstein reflects the Romantic views of Mary Shelly. There are many Romantic elements in Frankenstein. There is the evident dehumanization of the Industrial Revolution. Shelley alsoShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1650 Words   |  7 Pagesbook of Frankenstein does one just think of a mythical science fiction book that really has no meaning? Frankenstein can have numerous meanings depending on how a person perceives it. Frankenstein can be analyzed into many themes; some say religion, feminism, or scientific symbolization, it all depends on ones own perception. When one analyzes further into Mary Shelly’s life and then interprets the novel it is obvious that is a sociological theme. One can simply assume that Mary Shelley creates FrankensteinRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley1093 Words   |  4 Pagesfaster than man can contend with. That argument is the premises, moral, and plot base for Mary Shelleys tale Frankenstein. On the other hand, J. Michael Bishops, essay Enemies of Promise   on the other hand promotes and boast sciences achievements. However, Mary Shelley presents her point of view subtly yet very dramatically, which is much more effective than that of J. Michael Bishop. The dramatic story Shelley creates becomes a part of the reader, therefore holding the readers attention. ShelleysRead MoreMary Shelley Frankenstein859 Words   |  4 Pages Mary Shelley The Creature in Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus† needs a companionship as every ordinary human. Every man needs a woman, who will able to share moments of happiness and sadness, a woman who will be able to share thoughts and of course a woman who will be able to love a man. In this case the Creature needs a bride. But the problem is that the Creature from the â€Å"Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus† is not a human. SoRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1138 Words   |  5 PagesIs Frankenstein a man, whose ambition led to a disaster; or a monster, which created a life with disregard for the human race? Frankenstein, in my opinion, was the monster not the life that he had created. Frankenstein never admitted to his family what he had done, never admitted responsibility for his actions. He might as well have killed Elizabeth, William, Justine, and Clerval with his own hand. The so called â€Å"Monster† only wanted companionship; he did not want to murder those people. TheRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1325 Words   |  6 PagesI have been informed that you are pushing to remove the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley from the school curriculum. I’ve decided to write to you and explain why I believe that you are misinformed, and in fact, why this is a huge importance to the students of today. Frankenstein is a classic which recounts the life and horrors of Victor Frankenstein, as told through a series of letters and narrations. His obsession with the natural world and science brings him to a state of mind which ultimatelyRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1580 Words   |  7 PagesFrankenstein by Mary Shelley is a sci-fi novel written during the Romantic Movement in Britain’s early nineteenth century. The movement was stimulated by the French Revolution, Industrial Revolution and in reaction against the emphasis on reason in eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosophy (The Romantic Movement, 2014 ). Mary Shelley’s husband, Percy Shelley was also a romantic poet during the movement. Shelley’s novel is evidently influenced by her relationship with her husband, which is illustratedRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley739 Words   |  3 Pagesinterconnections of humanity, nature, and divinity (â€Å"Romanticism 1†). English Romanticism being trendy in Europe, people would vent their outlooks onto their personal fiction works such as Mary Shelley. Shelley uses vivid creativity and romantic elements to create one of her admired novels, Frankenstein. In Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, most of the characters prove their compassion for mankind, prove their rejection of technology and science, and prove their involvement in a romantic quest. These several characteristicsRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1040 Words   |  5 Pages In 1818, a book titled Frankenstein was published anonymously, mysteriously dedicated to William Godwin, a prominent journal ist and political philosopher of his time. The immediate reviews of the novel were mixed, most edging towards critical, although no one knew who the book was written by. However, while Frankenstein failed to gain popularity immediately, no one had any idea the lasting impact this novel would have on the world. Despite the lukewarm reception at its debut, it soon proved to beRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1078 Words   |  5 PagesMary Shelley’s Frankenstein has undoubtedly withstood the test of time. Frankenstein’s direct association with fundamental Gothic literature is extremely renowned. However, the novel’s originality is derived from the foundational thematic values found within the relationship (or lack there of) between Victor Frankenstein and the monster he had created, in combination with a fascinatingly captivating plot. Understandably, Frankenstein can often be associated with a multitude of concepts; however,Read MoreFrankenstein, By Mary She lley1532 Words   |  7 PagesLike any author, especially one who created a new genre, there will be criticism, and Shelley is no exception. Shelley received criticism surrounding Frankenstein not only because she was a female writer, but because of her writing style. Originally, Frankenstein was published anonymously and was thought that her husband, Percy Shelley, wrote it (â€Å"Mary Shelley Biography† 2016). Shelley may have published Frankenstein anonymously because â€Å"’women understood that they got a â€Å"better hearing† if it was thought

Annotated Bibliography on Infidelity - 968 Words

Annotated Bibliography Carnes, Patrick. â€Å"Out of the Shadows: Understanding Sexual Addiction† Minneapolis: CompCare, 1983. Patrick Carnes’ book offers a real life look at the problem of sexual addiction. He used the past experiences of others to write a book detailing the causes and effects of sexual addiction. Carnes explains how sexual addiction is a huge problem to all involved, not just the â€Å"offender†. He also explains how the addiction is a problem just like any other addictions. The book describes the danger of addictions to humans by stating, â€Å"Because our sexuality is one of our most fundamental life processes, sexual compulsiveness is extremely threatening to all of us†(Carnes page 5). Carnes uses fictionalized†¦show more content†¦Web. 5 Feb. 2014. In Othniel Seiden’s article, he discusses some of the â€Å"reasons† for infidelity. He lists twenty reasons that people have given as to why they have cheated on a spouse o r significant other. Seiden goes on to say that many people have unrealistic views or expectations on a marriage and states, â€Å"Romance novels, movies, TV shows, may give couples a false sense of what marriage is all about†. (Seiden) This article also discusses the common differing reasons women and men cheat. Seiden’s article tells many reasons people would commit adultery. The article is very informative on how marriages work and what one needs to do to help keep their spousal relationship alive. Many people believe that affairs are strictly physical, but affairs come in many forms. This article illustrates the different types and what can be done to try and avoid them. It will also be used to help interpret what one would need to do to prevent the distasteful human action of infidelity. It will also be used to show the differences between the types of affairs. The author’s conclusions are interesting and will make valuable points in a resear ch paper. University of Montreal. Infidelity Dissected: New Research On Why People Cheat. ScienceDaily. 13 September 2008. Web. 5 Feb. 2014. The University of Montreal performed four different studies to help prove the assumption that people with evidentShow MoreRelatedPsychology and Infidelity Liberty University Essay2627 Words   |  11 PagesEmotional and Sexual Infidelity Liberty University ABSTRACT There are many ways in which infidelity can be explained depending on what you are reading or with whom you are speaking. Emotional and sexual infidelity is the two most studied forms of infidelity. The cognitive approach to infidelity explains that as our cognition is developing, we are also indirectly learning behaviors that could contribute to infidelity as adults. Infidelity no matter what the circumstances are surrounding itRead MoreDivorce and Well-Being: An Annotated Bibliography1528 Words   |  6 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Amato, Paul R. The Consequences of Divorce for Adults and Children. Journal of Marriage and the Family 62.4 (2000): 1269-87. This article talks about divorce-stress-adjustment perspective. The article review draws on research that goes all the way back to the 1990s and it basically answers the following questions: What factors mediate the effects of divorce on individual adjustment? Are these differences due to divorce or to selection? How do individuals from marriedRead MoreEssay on Supreme Court Case: Sheppard V. Maxwell 19661315 Words   |  6 Pagesperspective on how the law feels about the Sheppard V. Maxwell case by giving insight on the prosecutor’s point of view. Entin explains in detail, â€Å"The prosecutor’s theory of the case was straightforward: Sam Sheppard,†¦ whose wife was frustrated by his infidelity, argued with Marilyn in their bedroom, beat her to death†¦ and invented a tale of a bushy-haired intruder who slugged him unconscious†¦ After killing his wife, Sam called his brother Steve to help him fix up the murder scene†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Entin goes on toRead MoreLove Is An Interesting Idea2396 Words   |  10 Pagesreflects the frustration of the wife as her questions remain unanswered. Lines two to four of the second stanza use inverted syntax. This method has been utilised to revert attention back to the wife by emphasising the phrases ‘my ruin’ and ‘your infidelity’. The poet wants to show readers the outcome of the husband’s mistake on the wife and the pain that it has caused her. From the second stanza on, she tries to play the bigger person between the pair. The line ‘I will be true in spite of fate’ provesRead MoreThe Struggles of Cultural Assimilation of Nigerian Women in America4406 Words   |  18 Pagesorders, hometown associations and ethnicity in the USA. Global Networks, 9(2), 209-226. doi:10.1111/j.1471- 0374.2009.00251.x. Smith, D. (2010). Promiscuous girls, good wives, and cheating husbands: Gender inequality, transitions to marriage, and infidelity in southeastern Nigeria. Anthropological Quarterly, 83(1), 123-152. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Tatum, Melissa L. 2000. Group identity: Changing the outsiders perspective. George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal 10:357–97. Uyanga, RRead MoreWe Can Love Too3314 Words   |  14 PagesRomantic relationships, gave me more in depth analysis on how social media can affect romantic relationships. She says in her article that Facebook puts a new strain on romantic relationships. The article points out that when using social media, infidelity is much easier and accessible than before. Of course the people who are cheating online, would probably also cheat in real life, but social networks make it that much easier. The fact that it makes it easier for cheating means that Social MediaRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage in Modern Society5830 Words   |  23 Pageschildren. But unlike their expectations, gay marriage also has some positivity, they include; Gay marriage helps to curb promiscuity since infidelity among gay couples is not as high as that among normal couples who are either married or unmarried but cohabit. Therefore, with the legalization of same sex marriages, it will assist with reduction of infidelity cas es hence providing good moral background for the younger generation. Gay marriage may also lead to reduced suicidal cases; owing to the

Pre-Linguistic Development Free Essays

As linguistic development designates the stage when children are able to manipulate verbal symbols, it should be apparent that pre-linguistic development refers to the stage before the child is able to manipulate such symbols. Consequently, this stage is sometimes called the pre-symbolic stage. We will write a custom essay sample on Pre-Linguistic Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/english-iii/"Pre-linguistic development, therefore, concerns itself with precursors to the development of symbolic skills and typically covers the period from birth to around 13 months of age. Four stages can be identified: * Vegetative sounds (0-2 months): the natural sounds that babies make, e. . crying, coughing, burping, and swallowing. * Cooing and laughter (2-5 months): these vocalizations usually occur when the baby is comfortable and content. They are typically made up of vowels and consonants. * Vocal play (4-8 months): the infant engages in longer and more continuous streams of either vowel or consonant sounds. * Babbling (6-13 months): at least two sub-stages are identified – reduplicated babbling, in which the child produces a series of Consonant-Vowel (CV) syllables with the same consonant being repeated (e. . wa-wa-wa, mu-mu-mu) and non-reduplicated babbling, consisting of either CVC vocalizations (e. g. mom, pip) or VCV vocalizations (e. g. ama, ooboo). [See Speech Development] Up to this stage of development much of what the child produces is really no more than a sort of verbal play. The child is practicing individual sounds, and sound sequences, and gaining the motor skills necessary to produce what will eventually be considered as actual adult words. So, young children make various sounds and others then assign meaning to these. So, for example, a child may reach for an object whilst at the same time saying ‘m’. An adult may interpret this as the child wanting help to get the object. The child, having realized that this combination of physical gesture (reaching) and articulating ‘m’ prompts an adult to pass the desired object, may go on to repeat this behavior. The child is learning that certain actions that he or she performs can be used to control his or her environment. These changes come about because the child’s ability to focus their attention on their caregiver and on objects becomes more refined as they mature. For example, from 0-2 months there is shared attentiveness in which only the baby and caregiver form part of any interactive event – all other elements are ignored. From 2-6 months there is interpersonal engagement when the baby is conceptually able to differentiate their own self from the caregiver and focus attention on each other and on the ‘message’ of the communicative event. Then, from about 6-15 months there is a shift such that the child is now able to focus attention on objects (e. g. cups, toys, books) and understand that the communicative event is focused on these. This is sometimes called joint object involvement. It is, however, the emergence of words from about 12 months onwards that signals the onset of linguistic development. This is the stage when there is symbolic communication emerges. Linguistic Development Linguistic development occurs at what is called the One Word Stage. It is at this stage that we can properly talk about a child’sexpressive language, i. e. the words used to express emotions, feelings, wants, needs, ideas, and so on. This should not be confused with the child’s understanding or receptive language. The two are, of course, closely related. However, a child will typically understand much more than he or she can actually express and a child’s expressive language, therefore, lags behind its comprehension by a few months. Early One Word Stage (12-19 months) Before the emergence of the first ‘adult’ words the child will use specific sound combinations in particular situations. The sound combinations are not conventional adult words but they appear to be being used consistently to express meaning. For example, if the child says mu every time he or she is offered a bottle of milk then this may be considered to be a ‘real’ word. Similarly, if the child says bibi each time he or she is given a biscuit then, even though the sound combination does not represent an exact adult word, it would still be considered an early word. These early words are called protowords. The child will also be using gesture together with these specific vocalizations in order to obtain needs, express emotions, and so on. The important point is that the child is consistent in his or her use of a particular ‘word’. Later One Word Stage (14-24 months) The words used by the child are now more readily identifiable as actual adult words. A variety of single words are used to express his or her feelings, needs, wants, and so on. This is the stage at which, amongst other things, the child begins to name and label the objects and people around them. Examples include common nouns such as cup dog hat proper nouns such as Dad Sarah Rover and verbs such as kiss go sit The child may also use a few social words such as no bye-bye please The child will not yet have developed all the adult speech sounds and so the words used are unlikely to sound exactly as an adult would say them. However, they are beginning to approximate more closely to an adult model and they are beginning to be used consistently. At the end of the One Word Stage the child should have a much larger vocabulary, should be able to sustain a simple conversation, be using several adult speech sounds appropriately, and be conveying meaning through the use of single words in combination with facial expression, gesture and actions. These single words will express a variety of meaning. The next stage in the child’s development of expressive language is that he or she begins to combine two words together into simplephrases. Two Word Stage (20-30 months) It is at this stage that the child begins to produce two-word combinations similar to the following. daddy car shoe on where Katie Note that a variety of different word classes may be combined: * For example, daddy car involves the combination of two words from the same word class of nouns one noun (daddy) with another noun (car). * However, shoe on consists of two words from two different word classes, nouns and prepositions: one noun (shoe) plus a preposition (on). * Also, where Katie uses a so-called interrogative pronoun (where) together with a proper noun (Katie). In fact, a high percentage of these two-word combinations incorporate nouns. This is not surprising, as the child has spent a lot of time learning the names of objects and people. These are the important things in his or her environment and the things that are most likely to be manipulated, talked about, and so on. They are often the concrete, permanent things to which the child can most readily relate. In addition, at this Two Word Stage there is also prolific use of verbs (e. g. go, run, drink, eat). Three Word Stage (28-42 months) As its name implies, at this next stage of development children extend their two-word utterances by incorporating at least another word. In reality children may add up to two more words, thereby creating utterances as long as four words. The child makes greater use of pronouns (e. g. I, you, he, she, they, me) at this stage, e. g. me kiss mummy you make toy he hit ball It is at this stage that the child also begins to use the articles the, a and an. At first their use is inconsistent but as the child approaches 42 months of age they become more consolidated in their utterances, e. g. me kick a ball you give the dolly he throw an orange In addition, it is common for the prepositions in and on to be incorporated between two nouns or pronouns, e. g. mummy on bed you in it Sarah in bath Four Word Stage (34-48 months) From about 34 months the child begins to combine between four to six words in any one utterance. There is greater use of contrast between prepositions such as in, on and under and adjectives such as big and little, e. g. mummy on little bed daddy under big car daddy playing with the little ball Complex Utterance Stage (48-60 months) This stage is typified by longer utterances, with the child regularly producing utterances of over six words in length. It is at this stage that the concept of past and future time develops and this is expressed linguistically in a child’s utterances, e. g. we all went to see Ryan yesterday [past time] Daddy is going to get a shoe [future time] Robert stopped and kicked a good goal [past time] Some of the more conceptually difficult prepositions such as behind, in front and next to also become established at this stage. The child will also be using the contracted negative, e. g. can’t rather than can not, didn’t rather than did not, won’t rather than will not, and so on. Example utterances include the following. Helen can’t go to granddad’s house Connor didn’t stop crying he won’t eat up all his dinner for mummy There is a lot of controversy about just when the Complex Utterance Stage is completed. Some researchers claim that at five years of age a child has developed all of the major adult linguistic features and that the only real progression beyond this stage is the further acquisition of vocabulary items. Other researchers, however, argue that children up to the age of 12 years are still developing adult sentence structure. As indicated, our overview of language development has focused on how the child develops longer and longer utterances, i. e. it has concentrated on expressive language. It should be noted, however, that there is a parallel development of comprehension, or receptive language. So, for example, at the Early One Word Stage the child is capable of understanding a few single words spoken by others as well as speaking a few words. Similarly, at the Three Word Stage the child can also comprehend the four to six word utterances spoken by others as well as producing such utterances themselves. In summary, the child will need to be able to comprehend utterances at least at the same level as those that he or she is able to construct and use expressively. In reality, we find that a child’s level of understanding actually precedes their level of expression. That is to say, a typically developing child will always understand more than they can express. The extent to which the development of receptive language precedes expressive language is highly variable and it is not possible to define any precise norms. The following table summarizes the stages of early development of expressive language. How to cite Pre-Linguistic Development, Papers

Pre-Linguistic Development Free Essays

As linguistic development designates the stage when children are able to manipulate verbal symbols, it should be apparent that pre-linguistic development refers to the stage before the child is able to manipulate such symbols. Consequently, this stage is sometimes called the pre-symbolic stage. We will write a custom essay sample on Pre-Linguistic Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/english-iii/"Pre-linguistic development, therefore, concerns itself with precursors to the development of symbolic skills and typically covers the period from birth to around 13 months of age. Four stages can be identified: * Vegetative sounds (0-2 months): the natural sounds that babies make, e. . crying, coughing, burping, and swallowing. * Cooing and laughter (2-5 months): these vocalizations usually occur when the baby is comfortable and content. They are typically made up of vowels and consonants. * Vocal play (4-8 months): the infant engages in longer and more continuous streams of either vowel or consonant sounds. * Babbling (6-13 months): at least two sub-stages are identified – reduplicated babbling, in which the child produces a series of Consonant-Vowel (CV) syllables with the same consonant being repeated (e. . wa-wa-wa, mu-mu-mu) and non-reduplicated babbling, consisting of either CVC vocalizations (e. g. mom, pip) or VCV vocalizations (e. g. ama, ooboo). [See Speech Development] Up to this stage of development much of what the child produces is really no more than a sort of verbal play. The child is practicing individual sounds, and sound sequences, and gaining the motor skills necessary to produce what will eventually be considered as actual adult words. So, young children make various sounds and others then assign meaning to these. So, for example, a child may reach for an object whilst at the same time saying ‘m’. An adult may interpret this as the child wanting help to get the object. The child, having realized that this combination of physical gesture (reaching) and articulating ‘m’ prompts an adult to pass the desired object, may go on to repeat this behavior. The child is learning that certain actions that he or she performs can be used to control his or her environment. These changes come about because the child’s ability to focus their attention on their caregiver and on objects becomes more refined as they mature. For example, from 0-2 months there is shared attentiveness in which only the baby and caregiver form part of any interactive event – all other elements are ignored. From 2-6 months there is interpersonal engagement when the baby is conceptually able to differentiate their own self from the caregiver and focus attention on each other and on the ‘message’ of the communicative event. Then, from about 6-15 months there is a shift such that the child is now able to focus attention on objects (e. g. cups, toys, books) and understand that the communicative event is focused on these. This is sometimes called joint object involvement. It is, however, the emergence of words from about 12 months onwards that signals the onset of linguistic development. This is the stage when there is symbolic communication emerges. Linguistic Development Linguistic development occurs at what is called the One Word Stage. It is at this stage that we can properly talk about a child’sexpressive language, i. e. the words used to express emotions, feelings, wants, needs, ideas, and so on. This should not be confused with the child’s understanding or receptive language. The two are, of course, closely related. However, a child will typically understand much more than he or she can actually express and a child’s expressive language, therefore, lags behind its comprehension by a few months. Early One Word Stage (12-19 months) Before the emergence of the first ‘adult’ words the child will use specific sound combinations in particular situations. The sound combinations are not conventional adult words but they appear to be being used consistently to express meaning. For example, if the child says mu every time he or she is offered a bottle of milk then this may be considered to be a ‘real’ word. Similarly, if the child says bibi each time he or she is given a biscuit then, even though the sound combination does not represent an exact adult word, it would still be considered an early word. These early words are called protowords. The child will also be using gesture together with these specific vocalizations in order to obtain needs, express emotions, and so on. The important point is that the child is consistent in his or her use of a particular ‘word’. Later One Word Stage (14-24 months) The words used by the child are now more readily identifiable as actual adult words. A variety of single words are used to express his or her feelings, needs, wants, and so on. This is the stage at which, amongst other things, the child begins to name and label the objects and people around them. Examples include common nouns such as cup dog hat proper nouns such as Dad Sarah Rover and verbs such as kiss go sit The child may also use a few social words such as no bye-bye please The child will not yet have developed all the adult speech sounds and so the words used are unlikely to sound exactly as an adult would say them. However, they are beginning to approximate more closely to an adult model and they are beginning to be used consistently. At the end of the One Word Stage the child should have a much larger vocabulary, should be able to sustain a simple conversation, be using several adult speech sounds appropriately, and be conveying meaning through the use of single words in combination with facial expression, gesture and actions. These single words will express a variety of meaning. The next stage in the child’s development of expressive language is that he or she begins to combine two words together into simplephrases. Two Word Stage (20-30 months) It is at this stage that the child begins to produce two-word combinations similar to the following. daddy car shoe on where Katie Note that a variety of different word classes may be combined: * For example, daddy car involves the combination of two words from the same word class of nouns one noun (daddy) with another noun (car). * However, shoe on consists of two words from two different word classes, nouns and prepositions: one noun (shoe) plus a preposition (on). * Also, where Katie uses a so-called interrogative pronoun (where) together with a proper noun (Katie). In fact, a high percentage of these two-word combinations incorporate nouns. This is not surprising, as the child has spent a lot of time learning the names of objects and people. These are the important things in his or her environment and the things that are most likely to be manipulated, talked about, and so on. They are often the concrete, permanent things to which the child can most readily relate. In addition, at this Two Word Stage there is also prolific use of verbs (e. g. go, run, drink, eat). Three Word Stage (28-42 months) As its name implies, at this next stage of development children extend their two-word utterances by incorporating at least another word. In reality children may add up to two more words, thereby creating utterances as long as four words. The child makes greater use of pronouns (e. g. I, you, he, she, they, me) at this stage, e. g. me kiss mummy you make toy he hit ball It is at this stage that the child also begins to use the articles the, a and an. At first their use is inconsistent but as the child approaches 42 months of age they become more consolidated in their utterances, e. g. me kick a ball you give the dolly he throw an orange In addition, it is common for the prepositions in and on to be incorporated between two nouns or pronouns, e. g. mummy on bed you in it Sarah in bath Four Word Stage (34-48 months) From about 34 months the child begins to combine between four to six words in any one utterance. There is greater use of contrast between prepositions such as in, on and under and adjectives such as big and little, e. g. mummy on little bed daddy under big car daddy playing with the little ball Complex Utterance Stage (48-60 months) This stage is typified by longer utterances, with the child regularly producing utterances of over six words in length. It is at this stage that the concept of past and future time develops and this is expressed linguistically in a child’s utterances, e. g. we all went to see Ryan yesterday [past time] Daddy is going to get a shoe [future time] Robert stopped and kicked a good goal [past time] Some of the more conceptually difficult prepositions such as behind, in front and next to also become established at this stage. The child will also be using the contracted negative, e. g. can’t rather than can not, didn’t rather than did not, won’t rather than will not, and so on. Example utterances include the following. Helen can’t go to granddad’s house Connor didn’t stop crying he won’t eat up all his dinner for mummy There is a lot of controversy about just when the Complex Utterance Stage is completed. Some researchers claim that at five years of age a child has developed all of the major adult linguistic features and that the only real progression beyond this stage is the further acquisition of vocabulary items. Other researchers, however, argue that children up to the age of 12 years are still developing adult sentence structure. As indicated, our overview of language development has focused on how the child develops longer and longer utterances, i. e. it has concentrated on expressive language. It should be noted, however, that there is a parallel development of comprehension, or receptive language. So, for example, at the Early One Word Stage the child is capable of understanding a few single words spoken by others as well as speaking a few words. Similarly, at the Three Word Stage the child can also comprehend the four to six word utterances spoken by others as well as producing such utterances themselves. In summary, the child will need to be able to comprehend utterances at least at the same level as those that he or she is able to construct and use expressively. In reality, we find that a child’s level of understanding actually precedes their level of expression. That is to say, a typically developing child will always understand more than they can express. The extent to which the development of receptive language precedes expressive language is highly variable and it is not possible to define any precise norms. The following table summarizes the stages of early development of expressive language. How to cite Pre-Linguistic Development, Papers